Visual evidence

Fossiliferous limestone is a general term for any carbonate stone in which the fossil stmcture is visually evident. 

Graphitic corrosion of the cast iron produced a soft, mechanically weak corrosion product that is highly susceptible to cavitation damage, even at relatively low cavitation intensities. The black coating on the impeller surface is visual evidence of graphitic corrosion. The spongelike surface contours are typical of cavitation damage (see Chap. 12). 

Visual evidence of stained soils, stained pavement or stressed vegetation... 

The uncoated blade showed an 0.005 inch corrosion attack over 50% of the airfoil concave face, with about 0.010 inch penetration at the base of the airfoil. Examination of the coated blade revealed no visual evidence of attack, except for one small roughened spot on the leading edge about 1 inch up from the platform, and a second spot in the middle of the convex side about 1 inch down from the tip. 

Provide visual evidence of required performance against actual performance at work locations. 

Porosity and surface area are routinely measured by nitrogen absorption-desorption, mercury intrusion, and low-angle X ray. The electron microscope (EM) provides direct visual evidence of pore size and pore-size distribution. Thus, a combination of EM and conventional methods of pore-size measurement should provide reliable information on the pore structure of polymers. 

Again we have visual evidence of concentration at equilibrium since the intensity of the color is fixed by the concentration of the FeSCN+2 ion. The addition of either more ferric ion [by adding... 

An acid-base titration is carried out by adding carefully measured amounts of a base solution to a known volume of the acid solution. The acid solution contains some substance that provides visual evidence of the magnitude of [H+]. The dye litmus is such a substance. As mentioned in Sections 11-2.1 and 11-2.2, litmus is red in solutions containing excess [H+]. Litmus is blue in... 

We employ two basic approaches to rate a polymer s wear resistance. In the first, we expose a polymer surface to a standard set of abrasive or erosive conditions and examine the surface for visual evidence of wear. We primarily use this method to qualitatively rank materials. In the second approach, we expose samples to wear inducing conditions and determine wear resistance in terms of weight loss as a function of time. 

However, phosphate salts are not volatile. We must constantly remember that mass spectrometry is a gas-phase experiment. Materials to be examined by mass spectrometry must ultimately be made gaseous. Figure 19.14 shows the atmospheric pressure ionization source chamber of a mass spectrometer after infusion of a 20 mM potassium phosphate-containing mobile phase into the instrument for a few hours. The accumulation of phosphate salts on the striker plate is evident. Visual evidence of salt accumulation is also apparent on the back wall of the source chamber, above the striker plate. The overall haziness of the image is not the result of poor photography, but rather due to the coating of dust on the inner walls of the chamber and all surfaces within. 

Figure 6.8 shows clustering results for a synthetic data example in two dimensions with three groups. The plot symbols indicate the result of k-means clustering for k 2 (left), k 3 (middle), and k 4 (right). Here it is obvious that the choice k = 3 gave the best result since it directly corresponds to the visually evident data groups. 

Figure 6.17 shows some diagnostic plots for the optimal model resulting from the analysis of the BIC values in Figure 6.16. The left picture visualizes the result of the classification, the middle picture shows the uncertainty of the classification by symbol size, and the right picture shows contour lines for the clusters. The result of model-based clustering fits much better to the visually evident groups than the result from /t-means clustering (shown in Figure 6.9).

When the feed solution is 1 mM in KCl and 0.5 mM in the cationic dye methylene blue and the receiver solution is 1 mM KCl, the initially colorless receiver solution turns blue due to transport of the cationic dye across the membrane [71]. In contrast, when the feed solution is 1 mM in KCl and 5 mM in KMn04 (Mn04 is red) and the receiver solution is 1 mM KCl, the receiver solution remains colorless [71]. These experiments provide simple visual evidence that this membrane transports a large cation but does not transport a much smaller anion. We have used potentiometric measurements to explore the nature of this cation permselectivity. 

All this sounds more like a metaphor and this is probably why the idea was so catchy - it draws on visual evidence of simple and well-known mechanisms. However, from a metaphor to a chemical reality there is a wide gap - how proteins... 

Acceptance criteria The test media are satisfactory if visual evidence of growth appears in all inoculated media containers within 5 days of incubation. 

Fu, K., Pack, D.W., Klibanov, A.M., and Langer, R. (2000). Visual evidence of acidic environment within degrading poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres. Pharmaceut. Res., 17, 100-106. 

Based on experimental evidence from AFM, the physical mechanism of orogenic5 displacement was proposed (Mackie et al., 1999b, 2000, 2003). A crucial aspect of the mechanism is that the surfactant domains exert a lateral surface pressure which compresses the protein layer. The AFM data obtained by Mackie and co-workers (1999b) provided direct visual evidence, for the first time, of a gel-like protein network at the air-water interface, as well as a structural explanation of protein displacement by small-molecule surfactant. In essence, the process of orogenic5 displacement is assumed to involve three stages ... 

Impressed by the specificity of enzymatic action, biochemists early adopted a "lock-and-key" theory which stated that for a reaction to occur the substrate must fit into an active site precisely. Modem experiments have amply verified the idea. A vast amount of kinetic data on families of substrates and related competitive inhibitors support the idea and numerous X-ray structures of enzymes with bound inhibitors or with very slow substrates have given visual evidence of the reality of the lock-and-key concept. Directed mutation of genes of many enzymes of known three-dimensional structure has provided additional proof. 

All of the described procedures use emulsified substrate. Although the p-nitrophenyl laurate assay cocktail is stable for 3 days at 4°C, the emulsified olive oil substrates (or other triacylglycerol-based substrate systems) should be made fresh daily and rehomogenized periodically and when separation is visually evident. Use of day-old emulsion substrate will yield increased blank values for titratable acidity, and this effectively compromises the limit of detection of activity. Emulsified substrates should be in liquid form at common assay conditions (20° to 50°C), and partially solidified substrates (those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids) will cause interfacial irregularities and confound the assessment of lipases in ways that cannot be accounted for. 

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