Turkey , elements

Boron [7440-42-8] B, is unique in that it is the only nonmetal in Group 13 (IIIA) of the Periodic Table. Boron, at wt 10.81, at no. 5, has more similarity to carbon and siUcon than to the other elements in Group 13. There are two stable boron isotopes, B and B, which are naturally present at 19.10—20.31% and 79.69—80.90%, respectively. The range of the isotopic abundancies reflects a variabiUty in naturally occurring deposits such as high B ore from Turkey and low °B ore from California. Other boron isotopes, B, B, and B, have half-Hves of less than a second. The B isotope has a very high cross-section for absorption of thermal neutrons, 3.835 x 10 (3835 bams). This neutron absorption produces alpha particles. 

Great Salt Lake, Utah, is the largest terminal lake in the United States. From its brine, salt, elemental magnesium, magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, and potassium sulfate ate produced. Other well-known terminal lakes ate Qinghai Lake in China, Tu2 Golu in Turkey, the Caspian Sea and Atal skoje in the states of the former Soviet Union, and Urmia in Iran. There ate thousands of small terminal lakes spread across most countries of the world. Most of these lakes contain sodium chloride, but many contain ions of magnesium, calcium, potassium, boron, lithium, sulfates, carbonates, and nitrates. 

Sevlimli, H., Bayulgen, N., and Varinlioglu, A. (1992). Determination of trace elements in honey by INAA in Turkey. /. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 165, 319-325. 

In the Mediterranean Sea and Middle East area, for example, there are obsidian outflows only in Italy, in some islands in the Aegean Sea, and in Turkey. Artifacts made of obsidian, however, are widely distributed over much of this vast area. Chemical analysis of many of these artifacts has shown that most of the obsidian used to make them originated in one or another of the outflows mentioned, but also in far-distant places such as Armenia and Iran. Plotting on a graph the concentration of selected elements in samples from obsidian sources against that in samples from sites where it was used, enables the identification of the source of the samples (see Fig. 22). Moreover, this type of analysis also makes it possible to trace the routes through which obsidian (and most probably other goods) were traded in antiquity (Renfrew and Dixon 1976). 

The United States and Turkey are the world s largest producers of boron.1 Economically important sources are from the ores rasorite (kernite) and tincal, which are both found in the Mojave Desert of California, with borax being the most important source there. The famous 20-Mule-Team Borax, now a part of chemistry folklore, originates from the time when teams of 20 mules used to haul colemanite from Furnace Creek in Death Valley 166 miles south to Mojave. Elemental boron in its impure form can be obtained by the reduction of the oxide B203 by magnesium, and in the pure form by the reduction of BC13 by hydrogen on hot filaments.1... 

Sodium. http //wild-turkey.mit.edu/Chemicool/elements/sodium.html... 

The FTIR spectra (KBr discs) were recorded in the 4,000 00 cm range on a Mattson 1000 FTIR spectrometer. The spectra and absorbance measurements were recorded on a Agilent 8453 UV-visible Spectroscopy System. Proton NMR spectra were recorded on a Bracker AC-400 MHz (CDCy spectrometer. The elemental analyses and mass spectra (LC-MS) were determined in the TUBITAK Laboratory (Center of Science and Technology Research of Turkey). Melting points were obtained with a Gallenkamp CAP MPD-350 apparatus in open capillaries. 

The first source of chromium was found in the mineral crocoite. Today it is obtained from the mineral chromite (FeCr O ), which is found in Cuba, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Turkey, Russia, and the Philippines. Chromite is an ordinary blackish substance that was ignored for many years. There are different grades and forms of chromium ores and compounds, based on the classification of use of the element. Most oxides of chromium are found mixed with other metals, such as iron, magnesium, or aluminum. 

Example 1 What Is the Correlation Between the Baking Time and the Weight of a Christmas Turkey We first recall the physical situation. To facilitate this we draw a sketch (Sketch 1). At high oven temperatures the heat is transferred from the heating elements to the meat surface by both radiation and heat convection. From there it is transferred solely by the unsteady-state heat conduction that surely represents the rate-limiting step of the whole heating process. 

A sludy by the Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kansas State University is exemplary of the much needed further research in determining the properties of certain elements, including copper, when contained in various rood substances. Part of the study was directed at determining the effects of cooking on copper content of turkey muscle. The researchers found that copper was significantly lower in cooked than in raw breast turkey muscle, but similar in raw and cooked thigh muscle. 

Karayigit, A.I., Spears, D.A. and Booth, C.A. (2000b) Distribution of environmental sensitive trace elements in the Eocene Sorgun coals, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 42(4), 297-314. 

The anthropogenic radionuclides of most concern are those produced as fission products from nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. The most devastating release from the latter source to date resulted from the April 26, 1986, explosion, partial meltdown of the reactor core, and breach of confinement structures by a power reactor at Chernobyl in the Ukraine. This disaster released 5 x 107 Ci of radionuclides from the site, which contaminated large areas of Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia, as well as areas of Scandinavia, Italy, France, Poland, Turkey, and Greece. Radioactive fission products that are the same or similar to elements involved in life processes can be particularly hazardous. One of these is radioactive iodine, which tends to accumulate in the thyroid gland, which may develop cancer or otherwise be damaged as a result. Radioactive cesium exists as the Cs+ ion and is similar to sodium and potassium in its physiological behavior. Radioactive strontium forms the Sr2+ ion and substitutes for Ca2+, especially in bone. 

Boron is present in the earth s crust at a level of only three parts per million, but there are areas where it is concentrated as borate salts (salts of the oxidized form of elemental boron) in substantial volumes for mining. The United States and Turkey supply 90% of the global borate demand. Rio Tinto Minerals (RTM)/U.S. Borax, the largest borate producer, operates an open pit mine and refinery complex in the Mojave desert of California. The principal minerals in the deposit are tincal and kernite (Table 9.1). 

Tuzen, M., Soylak, M. Evaluation of trace element contents in canned foods marketed Irom Turkey. Eood Chem. 102, 1089-1095 (2007)... 

Boron never occurs as a free element but always as a compound. The most common minerals of boron are borax, or sodium borate (Na2B407) kernite (another form of sodium borate) colemanite, or calcium borate (Ca2B< Oii) and ulexite, or sodium calcium borate (NaCaB509). These minerals usually occur as white crystalline deposits in desert areas. As of 2008, Turkey was the largest producer of boron ore. Other major producers of boron materials are Argentina, Chile, Russia, China, Bolivia, and Kazakhstan. Production statistics for the United States were not released in order to protect trade secrets. 

S. Kjelstrup and D. Bedeaux, Elements of Irreversible Thermodynamics for Engineers, International Centre of Thermodynamics, ITU, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001. 

The Greek philosopher who started this transformation was Thales of Miletus. Information about him is limited, and what we know comes to us from later writers, since no texts by him have survived. He was probably born about 623 b.c.e., in Ionia, which is in modem Turkey. Thales was believed to have traveled widely and likely visited Egypt and studied in Greece. He conceived of the world as a sphere floating in an eternal sea and argued that water was the most fundamental element. It came in three forms water, earth, and mist. This was an important philosophical insight, since it demonstrated an understanding of the states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas, in modem terms) in addition to different types of matter. 

Hunite MgjCalCOj) from Egirdir Lake, Turkey Properties elemental composition, XRD pattern available [325]. 

NAA is commonly used in studies of obsidian. The sources of obsidian in Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, North America, Mexico, and elsewhere have been examined using NAA. Most of the obsidian in Southwest Asia comes from sources either in the mountains of Turkey or in northern Iran, both outside the Fertile Crescent. The graph below shows the results of the NAA measurement of the elements iron (Fe) and scandium (Sc) in obsidian in Southwest Asia (Fig. 8.10). Samples were also taken from the original sources. There are clear differences among most of the sources. 

Fig. 8.10 Elemental characterization of obsidian sources in Armenia and Anatolia, Turkey. The graph plots the percent of iron vs. the parts per million (ppm) of scandium to show how the amounts of these two elements distinguish the sources of obsidian...

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