Tumors characterization

Konemann, S., Schuck, A., Malath, J., Rupek, T., Horn, K., Baumann, M., Vormoor, J., Rube, C., and Willich, N. 2000. Cell heterogeneity and subpopulations in solid tumors characterized by simultaneous immunophenotyping and DNA content analysis. Cytometry 41 172-177. 

Sheppard RD, Samant SA, Rosenberg M, Silver LM, Cole MD. Transgenic N-myc mouse model for indolent B cell lymphoma Tumor characterization and analysis of genetic alterations in spontaneous and retrovirally accelerated tumors. Oncogene 1998 17 2073-85. 

J. K.T., Noz, M.E. Hepatocellular tumors characterization with Mn-DPDP-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1993 188 53-59... 

McLeod H (2007) Graying anatomy Toward molecular tumor characterization. Pharmacogenomics 8(1) 15-16... 

Contrast-enhanced studies in CT and MRI assist in tumor characterization, especially in the depiction of papillary projections and necrosis [17,21]. None of... 

K. L. Zakian, A. Shukla-Dava, E. Ackerstalf, H. Hricak and J. A. Koutcher, H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers for Tumor Characterization , Cancer Biomark., 2008, 4, 263. 

The principles and instrumentation of this exciting new technology are described in Chapter 23. This approach clearly has major potential in cancer research indeed, several initial proofs of principle applications in tumor characterization, biomarker diagnosis for diagnosis, and even dmg development have been described [50-52]. 

Beginning in the 1980s research directed toward the isolation of new drugs derived from natural sources identified a family of tumor inhibitory antibiotic substances characterized by novel struc tures containing a C C—C=C—C C unit as part of a nine or ten membered ring With one double bond and two triple bonds (-ene + di- + -yne) these com pounds soon became known as enediyne antibiotics The simplest member of the class is dynemian A most of the other enediynes have even more compli cated structures... 

Enediyne antibiotics (Section 9 4) A family of tumor inhibit mg substances that is characterized by the presence of a C=C—C=C—C = C unit as part of a nine or ten membered nng... 

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the final stage of disease caused by infection with HIV. In this stage, the vims infection has severely affected the immune system, causing a depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells. AIDS is characterized by the manifestation of typical diseases caused by opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CMV retinitis, candidiasis of the esophagus, cerebral toxoplasmosis), neurological manifestations, cachexia, or certain tumors (Kaposi sarcoma of the skin, B-cell lymphoma). 

Cancer treatment is a multimodality treatment, i.e., surgery is combined with radiotherapy and antineoplastic chemotherapy. The latter treatment mode is used mainly for cancers which have disseminated. Different forms of cancer differ in their sensitivity to chemotherapy with antineoplastic agents. The most responsive include lymphomas, leukemias, choriocarcinoma and testicular carcinoma, while solid tumors such as colorectal, pancreatic and squamous cell bronchial carcinomas generally show a poor response. The clinical use of antineoplastic agents is characterized by the following principles. 

Hyperaldosteronism is a syndrome caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone. It is characterized by renal loss of potassium. Sodium reabsorption in the kidney is increased and accompanied by an increase in extracellular fluid. Clinically, an increased blood pressure (hypertension) is observed. Primary hyperaldosteronism is caused by aldosterone-producing, benign adrenal tumors (Conn s syndrome). Secondary hyperaldosteronism is caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Various dtugs, in particular diuretics, cause or exaggerate secondary peadosteronism. 

Dead or live bacteria may be effective to stimulate inflammatory reactions of phagocytic cells against tumor cells. The best-characterized treatment is the use of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) in the case of bladder cancer where activation of the immune response is capable of controlling tumor growth. 

Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors are a group of at least 6 proteins (TRAF 1-6), which are major signal transducers for the TNF receptor superfamily and the the interlukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor (IL-1R/ TLR) superfamily. TRAF proteins are characterized by the presence of the TRAF domain at the the C-terminus,... 

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is characterized by the development of a tumor (gastrinoma) or tumors that secrete excessive levels of gastrin, a hormone that stimulates production of acid by the stomach. In most cases, the tumor or tumors arise within the pancreas and/or the upper region of the small intestine (duodenum). 

A factor known as scatter factor has been characterized which causes the break up and stimulates motility of epithelial cell clumps (Stoker et al., 1987). This factor is identical to hepatocyte growth factor and increases the rate of locomotion of several other cell types. Motility factors elaborated from tumor cells are considered to play an important role in metastasis (see later). Guidance of cells by the physical topography of the substratum is another factor that profoundly affects the behavior of cells. 

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