Tubular plate designs

The tubular-plate design for the positive electrodes, shown in Fig. 7, is common mainly in European countries for batteries with larger capacities. In this plate design, the conducting elements are separated... 

Schematic representation of three tubular plate designs (a) cylindrical tube cross section (b) elliptical tube cross section (c) strap grid tubular plate construction.

Lead-battery electrodes can be made as a flat plate with a lead grid as the current collector or as a tubular plate design with a lead rod current collector in the center of tubes. Monopolar electrode current collectors have a conductive lead grid that connects with the terminal. The current collector physically supports the electrode and also collects and carries the current to the electrical system. 

Developments in flat or tubular plate designs for lead-acid electric vehicle traction has in recent years concentrated on improving energy density and power... 

Originally designed for electric road vehicles, the tubular plate cell can be used for a wide variety of standby power applications. This construction gives a very high electrical output per unit volume. Because the tubular plate design is compact it can be used particularly where space limitations are important. It will also stand up to vibration on work where movement of the equipment is involved, or where vibration occurs near the equipment. 

Cell voltage is i.4V at 25°C and energy densities range from 20-30 Whkg (tubular plate designs) to 40-60Whkg (sintered electrode designs). 

Early twentieth century designs of FT boilers were often horizontal return tubular (HRT) designs. These boilers were classified as externally fired FT boilers and had an external, refractory brick furnace located under a near-horizontal shell and tube heat exchanger. The exchanger was supported on brick piers and tilted 1 to 2 inches down toward the blowdown pipe at the rear of the boiler to reduce the risk of burning the bottom shell plates because of sludge buildup. 

An heat exchanger located in the exit-gas system. Air heaters preheat combustion air and may be of several different types including convection air heaters of either tubular or plate design and regenerative air heaters. 

Over the course of development of the membrane technology, RO module designs, as shown in Figure 8.4, evolved. They are tubular, plate-and-frame, spiral wound, and hollow hne-hber modules. In the tubular design, the membrane is lined inside the tube which is made of ordinary tubular material. Water is allowed to pass through the inside of the tube under excess pressure causing the water to permeate through the membrane and to collect at the outside of the tube as the product or permeate. The portion of the influent that did not permeate becomes concentrated. This is called the concentrate or the reject. 

In all applications there will be a drive to decrease the size of the membrane unit by increasing the surface area to volume ratio. This implies a trend from tubular to multichannel (honeycomb) structures and, further, to stacked plate designs. 

For gel batteries, both tubular and flat positive plates are used. Gel cells with tall plates often have the tubular positives design although there are some with flat positives. Gel cells with small plates, in general, have flat positives, however, a few exceptions will have tubular positives. In comparison with the AGM design, gel batteries have a markedly higher internal electric resistance. This is a clear disadvantage for all high-power applications. 

Purpose-built batteries. Gel batteries with either tubular plates or thick, flat plates (> 5 mm) are recommended when a long cycle-life is required. Both designs have a high level of resistance to positive-plate degradation, and can tolerate high levels of positive-grid corrosion. 

Many manufacturers around the world offer tubular-plate gel batteries for heavy-duty RAPS operations. As the name suggests, the batteries have tubes that contain the plate material. This design is employed only for the positive plates, as these are... 

Tubular plates offer several advantages over the flat-plate grid design, flie most important of which is that they prevent shedding of the PAM during battery service as it is held within the tubes. Thus, a lower density of the active material can be used. The typical active mass density for tubular plates is 3.6—4.0 g cm (cf. 4.0—4.3 g cm for flat-pasted plates). In addition, the enhanced porosity of the tubular plates improves the active mass utilization coefficient. 

Cross section geometry of four types of tubular plates (a) cylindrical (round), (b) elliptical (oval), (c) square and (d) rectangular. Cylindrical and elliptical tubular plates are used for flooded batteries, whereas square and rectangular designs are preferred forVRLA batteries with ACM separators. 

An overview of the general design and the properties of tubular plates is presented in Chapter 4.10. Here, we will discuss the process of filling tubular plates with lead oxides or suspension. 

Tubular batteries have flat negative plates opposing the positive tubular plates. Recent approaches to preventing positive plate shedding with improved separator designs have limited the use of tubular positive plate batteries. They are primarily in applications that have deep-discharges or severe vibration. 

A number of module designs are possible and all are based on two types of membrane configuration i) flat and ii) tubular. Plate-and-frame and spiral-wound modules involve flat membranes whereas tubular, capillary and hollow fiber modules are based on mbular membrane configurations. The difference between the latter types of module arises mainly from the dimensions of the tubes employed, as is shown in table Vin. I. 

Concerning the single-cell designs of tubular plate cells two standards sheets inform of nominal capacities and main dimensions ... 

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