Troubleshooting types

The troubleshooting proeess—how easy it is to troubleshoot a maehine, how often it needs to be done, and so forth—depends largely on the type of maintenanee philosophy applied during the maehine s operational life. This baste philosophy affeets how often the maehine must be monitored. 

Design and operations are separated in this book for clarity, and so troubleshooting for all types of equipment is included in this section. 

Maintenance and production records, along with the used lean and rich glycol analyses, can be very helpful to the troubleshooter. A history of filter element, carbon, tower packing, and firetube changeouts can sometimes be very revealing. The frequency of pump repairs and chemical cleaning jobs is also beneficial. With this type of knowledge, the troubleshooter can quickly eliminate and prevent costly problems. 

Experience shows that some machines have more frequent failures than do others. Obviously, different failure modes have different frequencies of occurrence. This is usually described as mean-time-between-failure (MTBF) and expresses the probability of machinery failure and breakdown events as a function of time. This is of particular interest to the maintenance failure analyst and troubleshooter who have to grapple with the realization that some machinery failure modes appear slowly and predictably whilst others occur randomly and unpredictably. In most cases, both types of failures have been encountered. 

The cat cracker plays a key role in the overall profitability of the refinery. It must operate reliably and efficiently. It must also operate safely and comply with federal, state, and local environmental requirements. A typical FCC unit circulates tons of catalyst per minute, processes various types of feedstock and uses hundreds of control loops, any of which can make operation difficult. Proper troubleshooting will ensure that the unit operates at maximum reliability and efficiency while complying with environmental concerns. 

There are two types of circulation problems in the FCC unit that require troubleshooting. The first occurs when the apparent maximum circulation has been reached, and the second occurs when the unit is experiencing erratic circulation. 

The book is divided into four parts. Part I, The Fundamentals of GC/MS, includes practical discussions on GC/MS, interpretation of mass spectra, and quantitative GC/MS. Part II, GC Conditions, Derivatization, and Mass Spectral Interpretation of Specific Compound Types, contains chapters for a variety of compounds, such as acids, amines, and common contaminants. Also included are GC conditions, methods for derivatization, and discussions of mass spectral interpretation with examples. Part III, Ions for Determining Unknown Structures, is a correlation of observed masses and neutral losses with suggested structures as an aid to mass spectral interpretation. Part IV, Appendices, contains procedures for derivatization, tips on GC operation, troubleshooting for GC and MS, and other information which are useful to the GC/MS user. Parts I to III also contain references that either provide additional information on a subject or provide information about subjects not covered in this book. 

With all types of plastic processes, troubleshooting guides are set up to take fast, corrective action when products do not meet their performance requirements. This problem-solving approach fits into the overall fabricating-design interface. One brief example of troubleshooting an RP/composite is in Table 8-44. 

The remaining Chapters 9 through 15 are devoted to different types of extrusion troubleshooting analyses. These chapters include presentations on scale-up tech-... 

This section introduces simple polymer reaction chemistry used to produce many commodity polymers. Understanding this simplified approach to the chemistry of polymer production Is Important In troubleshooting many extrusion processes, especially those that are producing unwanted degradation products that contaminate the discharge resin. There are two general types of polymer production processes 1) step or condensation reactions, and 2) addition or vinyl polymerization reactions. An overview of the reaction mechanisms wifi be presented in the next sections. 

Interpreting tbe curves. The shape of the distribution obtained from these tracer-response studies gives qualitative information concerning the type of flow in the system. This is adequate for most troubleshooting. 

The main disadvantage of all Bradford-type protein assay reagents is that they are not compatible with surfactants at concentrations routinely used to solubilize membrane proteins. With some exceptions, the presence of a surfactant in the sample, even at low concentrations, causes precipitation of the reagent. Table B1.1.4 is a brief troubleshooting guide for this technique. 

Table E2.3.I illustrates the total amylose content of field pea, oat, and potato starches. The values (which are means of triplicate measurements) are reproducible and the method can be used for all types of starches. Very high amylose containing starches (i.e., >50% amylose) may not yield consistent values if suitable precautions (see Critical Parameters and Troubleshooting) arc not taken during step 9. The method can easily accommodate small samples for microdeterminations, if necessary.

B. Troubleshooting and Mounting a Mechanical Pump, it will be noted in Fig. 6.2 that gas from a rotary pump is exhausted through an immersed flapper valve. For this valve to make a good seal it must be covered with oil. One common cause of the loss of ultimate vacuum performance in these types of pumps is a low oil level, and this should be the first item to be checked when a pump is not performing well. A telltale sign of low oil is a change in the sound of the pump. 

Section Three is a simple chart used to define the type of tissue specimen, the IHC staining and ancillary reagents already in place in the laboratory, and the staining protocol used by the laboratory personnel. You are encouraged to copy this chart and use it to help troubleshoot any problems you may encounter with your staining systems. 

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