Trichloroethylene groundwater

Groundwater Industrial contamination of ground water reserves Reduction of total organic halogens (TOX) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) including chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene... 

Biotransformation was also strongly indicated as a factor in the degradation of trichloroethylene in a case of soil and groundwater pollution (Milde et al. 1988). The only ethylenes at the point source of pollution were tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene however, substantial amounts of known metabolites of these two compounds (dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethylene) were found at points far from the source. Data from laboratory studies by the same group supported the study authors contention that degradation was due... 

A summary of U.S. groundwater analyses from both federal and state studies reported that trichloroethylene was the most frequently detected organic solvent and the one present in the highest concentration (Dyksen and Hess 1982). Trichloroethylene was detected in 388 of 669 groundwater samples collected in New Jersey from 1977 to 1979, with a maximum concentration of 635 ppb (Page 1981). Maximum concentrations ranging from 900 to 27,300 ppb trichloroethylene were found in contaminated wells from four states (Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey) (Burmaster 1982). 

A possible source for much of the groundwater contamination is landfill leachate containing trichloroethylene. Trichloroethylene was the most commonly found chemical at NPL sites in New York State (Mumtaz et al. 1994). The compound was detected in leachate samples from Minnesota municipal solid waste landfills at levels ranging from 0.7 to 125 pg/L (0.7-125 ppb) and in groundwater near landfills at levels ranging from 0.2 to 144 pg/L (0.2-144 ppb) (Sabel and Clark 1984). Trichloroethylene was also detected in landfill leachate from a landfill in New Jersey at concentrations of up to 7,700 pg/L (7,700 ppb) (Kosson et al. 

Trichloroethylene in soil and groundwater were found to be correlated (r 0.9994) in samples taken during well instillation at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, NH (Hewitt and Shoop 1994). Concentrations of trichloroethylene in soil from the saturated zone were 0.008-25 mg/kg, while concentrations in the groundwater were 0.044-180 ppm. 

Bowman JP, Jimenez L, Rosario 1, et al. 1993. Characterization of the methanotrophic bacterial community present in a trichloroethylene-contaminated subsurface groundwater site. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 2380-2387. 

Henry SM, Grbic-Galic D. 1991a. Influence of endogenous and exogenous electron donors and trichloroethylene oxidation toxicity on trichloroethylene oxidation by methanotrophic cultures from a groundwater aquifer. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 236-244. 

Goltz MN, RK gandhi, SM Gorelick, GD Hopkins, LH Smith, BH Timmins, PL McCarthy (2005) Field evaluation of in situ source reduction of trichloroethylene in groundwater using bioenhanced in-situ vapor stripping. Environ Sci Technol 39 8963-8970. 

Hopkins GD, J Munakata, L Semprini, PL McCarty (1993a) Trichloroethylene concentration effects on pilot-scale in-situ groundwater bioremediation by phenol-oxidizing microorganisms. Environ Sci Technol 27 2542-2547. 

McCarty PL, MN Goltz, GD Hopkins, ME Dolan, IP Allan, BT Kawakami, TJ Carrothers (1998) Full-scale evaluation of in situ cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene in groundwater through toluene injection. Environ Sci Technol 32 88-100. 

Kinsella, J. V. and Nelson, M. J. K., 1993, In Situ Bioremediation Site Characterization, System Design, and Full Scale Field Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Trichloroethylene Contaminated Groundwater In Bioremediation Field Experience (edited by P. E. Flathman and D. E. Jerger), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

In batch kinetic tests, Yan and Schwartz (1999) investigated the oxidative treatment of chlorinated ethylenes in groundwater using potassium permanganate. 1,1-Dichloroethylene reacted more quickly than cis- and /ra/ 5-l, 2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. The reaction rate decreased with an increasing number of chlorine substituents. The pseudo-first-order rate constant and half-life for oxidative degradation (mineralization) of 1,1-dichloroethyene were 2.38 x 10 Vsec and 4.9 min, respectively. 

Source Vinyl chloride in soil and/or groundwater may form from the biotransformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (Lesage et al, 1990), trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethylene (Smith and Dragun, 1984 Wilson et al, 1986), and from the chemical reduction of trichloroethylene by zero-valent iron (Orth and Gillham, 1996). 

The results of the EPA SITE demonstration also showed that the cost of methane necessary to support trichloroethylene biodegradation is not excessive in relation to the costs of other technologies available for the removal of trichloroethylene from water. Thus, the Biotrol system may prove to be a cost-effective alternative to more traditional groundwater remediation technologies. 

CESAR was developed to address the problem of locating, characterizing, and removing dense non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) from contaminated aquifer systems. The process is particularly suited to remediating groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethane (TCE), and carbon tetrachloride (CCE). According to the vendor, CESAR can also be applied to sites contaminated with creosote, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Freon 113, volatile organic compounds (VOCs),... 

TCE-degrading bacteria is a patented technology for the treatment of soil, groundwater and wastewater contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). The particular strain of bacteria used in this technology does not require the addition of a toxic co-substrate to activate the bacterial destruction of TCE. The technology can be used to remediate virtually any media type contaminated with one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including TCE, and can be used for in situ or ex situ bioremediation. 

Reclaim is commercially available and suitable for the recovery of VOCs, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) compounds, and, in particular, petroleum hydrocarbons. The vendor states this technology has been used in a wide variety of industrial applications, such as the remediation of groundwater at service stations, dry cleaners, herbicide production facilities, and municipal and industrial landfills, among others. 

At the Sierra Army Depot in Herlong, California, groundwater had been contaminated by trinitrotoluene (TNT) and trichloroethylene (TCE). The 28-acre plume of contaminated ground-water was located about 70 ft underground. The U.S. Army evaluated the cost difference between conventional pump-and-treat systems, ultraviolet (UV) oxidation, granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, and MNA. The active treatments were estimated to cost between 6 and 10 million while MNA costs were estimated to be approximately 1 million (D17451Q). 

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