Trichinella spiralis infection

A knowledge of parasite life cycles is crucial in the understanding of the ways infection is acquired and spread, the pathogenesis of disease, and the ways in which disease might be controlled. Some parasites which infect only humans, such as Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), have a narrow host specificity, whereas others such as Trichinella spiralis infect numerous species. When other animals harbor the same parasite stage as humans, these animal species may serve as reservoir hosts. Humans infected with a parasite stage usually seen in other animal species are referred to as accidental hosts. 

Arden, S.R., Smith, A.M., Booth, M.J., Tweedie, S., Gounaris, K. and Selkirk, M.E. (1997) Identification of serine/threonine protein kinases secreted by Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 90, 111-119. 

Lee, G.B. and Ogilvie, B.M. (1982) The intestinal mucus layer in Trichinella spiralis infected rats. In Strober, W., Hanson, L.A. and Sell, K.W. (eds) Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunity. Raven Press, New York, p. 319. 

Sugane, K. and Matsuura, T. (1990) Molecular analysis of the gene encoding an antigenic polypeptide of Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. Journal of Helminthology 64, 1—8. 

Identification of serine/threonine protein kinases secreted by Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 90, 111-119. 

Baruch, A.M. and Despommier, D.D. (1991) Blood vessels in Trichinella spiralis infections a study using vascular casts. Journal of Parasitology 77, 99-103. 

Jasmer, D.P. (1993) Trichinella spiralis infected skeletal muscle cells arrest in G2/M is associated with the loss of muscle gene expression. Journal of Cell Biology 121, 785-793. 

ManWarren, T., Gagliardo, L., Geyer, J., McVay, C., Pearce-Kelling, S. and Appleton, J. (1997) Invasion of intestinal epithelia in vitro by the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. Infection and Immunity 65, 4806-4812. 

Teppema, J.S., Robinson, J.E. and Ruitenberg, E.J. (1973) Ultrastructural aspects of capsule formation in Trichinella spiralis infection in the rat. Parasitology 66, 291-296. 

Yao, C. and Jasmer, D.P. (1998) Nuclear antigens in Trichinella spiralis infected muscle cells nuclear extraction, compartmentalization and complex formation. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 92, 207—218. 

McVay, C.S., Tsung, A. and Appleton, J.A. (1998) Participation of parasite surface glycoproteins in antibody-mediated protection of epithelial cells against Trichinella spiralis. Infection and Immunity 66, 1941-1945. 

Dessein, A.F., Parker, W.L., James, S.L. and David, J.R. (1981) IgE antibody and resistance to infection. I. Selective suppression of the IgE antibody response to Trichinella spiralis infection. Journal of Experimental Medicine I d ), 423-436. 

Garside, P., Grencis, R.K and Mcl Mowat, A.M. (1992) T lymphocyte dependent enteropathy in murine Trichinella spiralis infection. Parasite Immunology 14, 217-225. 

Kazura, J.W. and Aikawa, M. (1980) Host defence mechanisms against Trichinella spiralis infection in the mouse eosinophil mediated destruction of newborn larvae in vitro. Journal of Immunology 124, 355-361. 

Weisbrodt, N.W., Lai, M., Bowers, R.L., Harari, Y. and Castro, GA. (1994) Structural and molecular changes in intestinal smooth muscle induced by Trichinella spiralis infection. American Journal of Physiology 266, G856-G862. 

Bautista-Garfias, C.R., Ixta, O., Orduna, M., Martinez, F., Aguilar, B. and Cortes, A. (1999) Enhancement of resistance in mice treated with Lactobacillus casei effect on Trichinella spiralis infection. Veterinary Parasitology 80, 251-260. 

Lawrence, C.E., Paterson, J.C., Wei, X.Q., Liew, F.Y., Garside, P. and Kennedy, M.W. (2000) Nitric oxide mediates intestinal pathology but not immune expulsion during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Journal of Immunology 164, 4229-4234. 

Pond, L., Wassom, D.L. and Hayes, C.E. (1989) Evidence for differential induction of helper T cell subsets during Trichinella spiralis infection. Journal ofImmunology 143, 4232-4237. 

Shekels, L., Anway, R.E., Lin, J., Kennedy, M.W., Garside, P., Lawrence, C.E. and Ho, S.B. (2000) Coordinated Muc2 and Muc3 mucin gene expression in Trichinella spiralis infection in wild-type and cytokine deficient mice. Infection and Immunity (submitted). 

Vallance, B.A., Galeazzi, F., Collins, S.M. and Snider, D.P. (1999b) CD4 T cells and major histocompatibility complex class II expression influence worm expulsion and increased intestinal muscle contraction during Trichinella spiralis infection. Infection and Immunity 67, 6090-6097. 

Cowles VE, Sarna SK Trichinella spiralis infection alters small bowel motor activity in the fed state. Gastroenterology 1991,101 664-669. 

Goodridge HS, Wilson EH, Harnett W, Campbell CC, Harnett MM, Liew FY (2001) Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by ES-62, a secreted product of the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonemaviteae. J Immunol 167 940-945 Gounaris K (2002) Nucleotidase cascades are catalyzed by secreted proteins of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis. Infect Immun 70 4917-4924... 

Trichinella spiralis Infection from undercooked pork containing cysts ... 

Trichinosis - Although some studies fail to show that thiabendazole has any definite effect on the course of Trichinella spiralis infections in man it is considered by some to be the drug of choice in this disease where the therapeutic agents should be active against the larvae. In mice parben-dazole, methyl-5(6)-butyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, effects great reductions in the number of larvae in the tissues when given in the diet for 7 days, 1 to 12 weeks after infection . 

Peters PJ, Gagliardo LF, Sabin EA, Betchen AB, Ghosh K, Oblak JB, Appleton JA (1999) Dominance of immunoglobulin G2c in the antiphosphorylcholine response of rats infected with Trichinella spiralis. Infect Immun 67 4661-7. 

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