Intestinal muscle

Vallance, B.A., Blennerhasset, P.A. and Collins, S.M. (1997) Increased intestinal muscle contractility and worm expulsion in nematode-infected mice. American Journal of Physiology 272, G321-G327. 

Vallance, B.A., Galeazzi, F., Collins, S.M. and Snider, D.P. (1999b) CD4 T cells and major histocompatibility complex class II expression influence worm expulsion and increased intestinal muscle contraction during Trichinella spiralis infection. Infection and Immunity 67, 6090-6097. 

Vermillion, D.L., Ernst, P.B. and Collins, S.M. (1991) T-lymphocyte modulation of intestinal muscle function in the Trichinella-infected rat. Gastroenterology 101, 31-38. 

Maximum concentrations of copper in elasmobranchs and teleosts from all collection sites range from 7 to 15 mg/kg DW in eyeballs, intestines, muscle, scales, vertebrae, heart, and gonads and from 16 to 48 mg/kg DW in gills, kidneys, skin, and spleens. They reach 53 mg/kg DW in whole animals, 155 mg/kg DW in stomach contents, 208 mg/kg DW in feces, and 245 mg/kg DW in livers (Table 3.3). 

Hirst Or acetylcholine. As far as I know, acetylcholine doesn t get to intestinal muscles when it comes out of the nerves. I want the observations put in context. 

Liver, small intestine, muscle and kidney all participate in amino acid catabolism with the liver, under most conditions, playing the major role, but the metabolism of specific amino acids in the other three tissues is of considerable biochemical and physiological importance (see below). 

Incidents of vincristine overdosage have been reported relatively frequently in the medical literature. Some of these have involved inadvertent administration of the intravenous formulation into the central nervous system by the intrathecal route this produces devastating results by a combination of chemical damage to sensitive neuronal tissue as well as biochemical perturbations. Two representative cases of vincristine overdose were described (46) involving administration of vincristine to patients scheduled to receive vinblastine. In one patient toxicity initially involved vomiting and diarrhea with subsequent constipation and paralytic ileus (inhibition of motor activity in the small intestine). Muscle pain... 

Species Ovary Testis Liver Skin Intestine Muscle... 

The a receptors are generally excitatory, as shown in table 4.2, and mediate a constricting effect on vascular, uterine, and intestinal muscle when stimulated by an agonist. They respond to different adrenergic agonists in the following order epinephrine >... 

A number of plants containing furoquinoline alkaloids have been used medicinally, but the alkaloids themselves have found no place in medicine. Skimmianine (159) has been shown to potentiate adrenalin in cats, to relax intestinal muscle, and to raise the tone of striated muscle it has much in common with ephedrine. Dictamnine (158) strongly contracts smooth muscle and stops the isolated frog heart in diastole. Quite recently it has been shown that certain furoquinoline alkaloids are phototoxic to some bacteria and yeasts in long-wavelength UV light (81MI31701). 

Kuemmerle JF, Murthy KS, Grider JR, Martin DC, Makhlouf GM. Coexpression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT4 receptors coupled to distinct signaling pathways in human intestinal muscle cells. Gastroenterology 1995 109 1791-1800. 

Q2 Constipation is a condition in which faecal material moves too slowly through the large intestine. As a result too much water is reabsorbed hard, dry faeces which are difficult to move and very abrasive are produced. Infrequent or difficult defecation is a common problem in the elderly as ageing is associated with a decline in both secretory activity and motility in the gut. Constipation could develop because of emotional problems, inactive or sedentary lifestyle, lack of fibre and fluid in the diet, intestinal muscle weakness, a neurogenic disorder or an iatrogenic effect. Iatrogenic conditions are those caused by drugs or other medical treatments. 

Constipation is common in the elderly, in people with emotional problems or those with an inactive/sedentary lifestyle, and also with lack of fibre and fluid in the diet, intestinal muscle weakness and neurogenic disorders. 

Because narcotics paralyze intestinal muscles, doctors prescribe them to treat diarrhea, particularly when it is accompanied by painful cramps. Regular use commonly results in chronic constipation. 

The Biochemistryland map is a way of viewing the key biochemical reactions of the body. The map, though, does not correspond to any known human anatomy. Why, then, should one bother to place the various biochemical reactions in such an artificial format Why not simply draw a liver, intestine, muscle, brain, etc. and indicate the various biochemical reactions therein so that one may know where in the body the individual reactions occur The problem with this approach is that a particular chemical reaction often occurs in many organ systems. If the individual organs were drawn, with the idea of including their chemical reactions inside them, there would be extensive duplication of pathways and an uninterpretable map. If one wishes to draw the individual reactions only once, one needs a different format. The format of the Biochemistryland map allows this, in a way that can be appreciated visually as a whole. 

This biotransformation process takes place principally in the liver, i.e. in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, partly also in the mitochondria. The kidneys, lungs, intestine, muscles, spleen and skin are involved to a lesser degree in biotransformation. Through hydrolysis and reduction, the intestinal flora may also play a role in this metabolic process. Biotransformation is limited by the hepatic blood flow (= flow-limited elimination) and by the capacity of microsomal enzyme systems (= capacity-limited elimination). (80, 95)... 

The effects of a preparation containing berberine and the crude herb Geranii Herba on different diarrheal models in mice and the contractions of isolated guinea pig intestinal muscle were studied via comparison with a preparation containing creosote and loperamide. The results suggested that Geranii Herba exerted its antidiarrheal effect via the inhibition of intestinal movement, with the mechanism of action possibly differing from creosote and loperamide [257]. 

Athymic mice with induced tumours were used to study biodistribution. For these studies, 11 MBq (30 gCi) of Tc-BN 1, Lu-DOTA-MG or Lu-DOTATATE in 0.04 mL was injected into the tail vein. The mice (n = 3- per time point) were sacrificed at 5,15 and 30 min, and 1.5,3 and 4 h post-injection, or, in the case of Tc-BN, at 2 h post-injection. The heart, spleen and kidneys, and samples of lung, liver, blood, stomach, intestines, muscle and bone were rinsed with saline, blotted with paper and placed into preweighed plastic test tubes. The activity was determined in a well type scintillation detector (Canberra) along with six 0.5 mL ahquots of the diluted standard representing 100% of the injected activity. The mean activity was used to obtain the percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g). 

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