Triaryl plasticizer

Alkyl diphenyl phosphate plasticizers can exert flame-retardant action in vinyl plastics by a condensed-phase mechanism, which is probably some sort of phosphoms acid coating on the char. Triaryl phosphates appear to have a vapor-phase action (29). 

Trialkyl esters of phosphonic acid exist ia two structurally isomeric forms. The trialkylphosphites, P(OR)2, are isomers of the more stable phosphonates, 0=PR(0R)2, and the former may be rearranged to resemble the latter with catalytic quantities of alkylating agent. The dialkyl alkylphosphonates are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and iatermediates. The MichaeUs-Arbusov reaction may be used for a variety of compound types, including mono- and diphosphites having aryl as weU as alkyl substituents (22). Triaryl phosphites do not readily undergo the MichaeUs-Arbusov reaction, although there are a few special cases. 

It may be noted that triaryl phosphates already referred to are also used as fire-resisters and as plasticizers for cellulose esters and for synthetic resins such as polystyrene and polyvinyl esters.3... 

Mixed esters, such as isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate and tcrt-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, are also widely used as both plasticizers/flame retardants for engineering thermoplastics and hydraulic fluids.11 These esters generally show slightly less flame-retardant efficacy, when compared to triaryl counterparts however, they have the added advantage of lower smoke production when burned. Some novel oligomeric phosphate flame retardants (based on tetraphenyl resorcinol diphosphate) are also employed to flame retard polyphenylene oxide blends, thermoplastic polyesters, polyamides, vinyls, and polycarbonates. 

Alkyl diaryl and triaryl phosphates have a synergistic action as plasticizers and as flame retardants. Phosphate plasticizers are prepared firom POCI3 and monofunctional alcohols or alkylated phenols. Industrial manufacturing necessitates the manipulation of HCl by-product, which is very corrosive and can cause undesirable side reactions. Because of their flame-retardant properties phosphate plasticizers are employed in fire-retardant apphcations such as cables and spread contract flooring. 

The mechanism of burning for polymers is believed to take place through thermal pyrolysis of the solid plastic to produce gases that act as fuel for the fire (45). Fire retardants work in both the condensed and the vapor phase to interrupt melting of the polymer and burning of the gases. Triaryl phosphates function well in the vapor phase. Alkyl aryl phosphates are believed to decompose in the flame front to form polyphosphoric acid, which stays in the condensed phase to form char, which reduces flammability and smoke evolution (46. 47). 

Flame retardants that are often nsed in polycarbonate/ABS plastics (such as in compnter indnstry) include nonhalogen triaryl phosphates, such as RDP [resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate)] and BDP [bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate)]. As BDP has lower phosphorus content compared to that of RDP, more of it should be used to match the flammability performance of RDP. In one particular study using polycar-bonate-ABS alloy, 9% of RDP or 12.3% of BDP was employed and showed equal to each other and excellent flame retardant properties [8]. 

Other phosphoric esters such as triaryl phosphates which take the form P0(0R)3 where R is an aryl group (a condensed ring of carbons). A simple triaryl phosphate is triphenyl phosphate, a toxic chemical used as a plasticizer and fire-retarding agent. 

A severe type of toxicity which does not involve AChase is shown by the triaryl phosphates such as tricresyl phosphate, formerly much used as a plasticizer, and also by some fluorine-containing organophosphates. These cause delayed and persistent (up to 2 years) neurotoxicity characterized by swollen neurons. For this condition, oximes are no remedy. 

Reofos 1884 Triaryl phosphate plasticizer, textile coalings Diphenyl oryi phosphate Plasihal DOP Sandcizei 141 Ucon 50-HB-55 Ucon 50-HB-100 Ucon 50-HB-170 Ucon 50-HB-260 Ucon 50-HB-400 Ucon 50-HB-660 Ucon 50-HB-2000 Ucon 50-HB-3520 Ucon 50-HB-5100 Ucon 75-H-450 Ucon LB-65 Ucon LB-135 Ucon LB-165 Ucon LB-2 5 Ucon LB-385 Ucon LB-525 Ucon LB-625 Ucon LB-1145 Ucon LB-1715 Ucon LB-3000 plasticizer, textile finishes Polymyl methyl etter plasticizer, textured decorative coatings HostapurOSB... 

Glycol ricinoleate Meroxapol 105 Meroxapol 252 Meroxapol 254 Meroxapol 258 PEG-3 dicaprylate/caprate Triaryl phosphate plasticizer, latex coatings Diethylene glycol dibenzoate plasticizer, latex modification Polyvinyl methyl ether plasticizer, leather Acetamide Methyl cocoate Methyl hydroxyethylcellulose Methyl tallowate PEG-8 cocoate... 

Meroxapol 174 Meroxapol 252 Meroxapol 254 Meroxapol 258 Meroxapol 311 Methyl abietate Methyl linoleate Oleyl alcohol Paraffin, chlorinated PEG-20 stearate Polyvinyl methyl ether Propylene glycol laurate Propylene glycol myristate Triglycol monomethyl ether Trioctyl trimellitate plasticizer, paints/coatings Methyl hydroxyethylcellulose Triaryl phosphate plasticizer, paper... 

Acetylated hydrogenated lard glyceride plasticizer, textile back coatings Triaryl phosphate plasticizer, textile coatings Diphenyl octyl phosphate plasticizer, textile finishes Polyvinyl methyl ether plasticizer, textile finishing Oleyl alcohol... 

Triaiyl phosphates are prepared by phosphorylation of alkyl phenols without phosphorylation catalyst. This simplifies purification of the plasticizer by eliminating the need to withdraw the pirrified product as a distillate. Mixed alkyl diaiyl esters are produced in the presence of a catalytic amoimt of an alkali metal phenoxide. The plasticizer needs to be separated by distillation. Figure 2.39 shows the distillation process of pmifi-cation of triaryl phosphates. A crude triaryl phosphate ester reaction mixtrrre is passed... 

More usually, the plasticizer component of the formulation is replaced by flame-retardant plasticizers such as liquid chlorinated paraffins, acting as secondary plasticizers up to 30 per cent of the original plasticizer content. As an associate plasticizer, phosphoric esters are often used. The appropriate flame-retardance is achieved by adding 1 or 2 phr. of phosphorus to the compound. More rigid or more flexible cold-resistant products can be formulated with triaryl or trialkyl phosphates, respectively. Halogenated phosphates may also reduce the flammability of plasticized PVC. 

Organophosphate esters are used in a wide variety of applications including hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, and antiwear additives to hydraulic fluids and engine oils. Some are referred to as natural phosphate esters because the cresols and xylenols used as raw materials are derived from petroleum oil or coal tar The first commercial trialkyl phosphate esters (TAP) were tricresyl phosphate (TCP) and trrxylenyl phosphate (TXP) others are known as synthetic phosphate esters, which are derived from specific synthetic reactions to produce triaryl, trialkyl, and alkyl aryl esters. 

Certain triesters can be incorporated into plastics where they act as plasticisers by reducing the amount of cross-linking which would otherwise take place in the polymerisation process. Triaryl phosphates were first used to plasticise cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate. Trioctyl phosphate and octyl diphenyl phosphate are particularly suitable for plasticising PVC [21],... 

Fyrolflex RDP is a resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate). It is a liquid that is designed for use in engineering plastics such as polyesters, modified PPO as well as PC/ABS blends and HIPS. It has low volatility and good thermal stability, meaning it can outperform triaryl phosphates, such as triphenyl phosphate. Fyrolflex RDP is used either as a flame retardant or, in low doses, as a flow modifier. 

Triaryl phosphate n. A synthetic-ester type plasticizer derived from isopropylphenol feedstock, useful as a flame-retarding plasticizer in vinyl plastisols. 

Alkyl Diphenyl Phosphates. These are products originally developed to provide improved low temperature flexibility, a fault of triaryl phosphate plasticizers in PVC (103). These phosphates generally provide slightly less flame-retardant efficacy but are generally superior to the triaryl phosphates in regard to smoke when the vinyl formulation is burned. Two commercial products of this family are 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate [1241-94-7], C20H27O4P, Ferro s SANTICIZER 141 or Akzo Nobel s PHOSFLEX 362, and isodecyl diphenyl phosphate [29761-21-5], C22H31O4P, Ferro s SANTICIZER 148 or Akzo Nobel s PHOSFLEX 390. A... 

Rigid PVC is inherently fire resistant and self-extinguishing however, the addition of plasticizers such as phthalates, adipates, and trimellitates contributes to flammability. The triaryl and alkylaryl phosphates and brominated phthalate plasticizers inhibit burning of plasticized PVC. These products are often blended with other plasticizers to achieve a balance of flame... 

TAP is used as a plasticizer in flame-retardant rubber compounds because the other plasticizers provide a fuel source that feeds a fire in the case of combustion. That is why many times this phosphate plasticizer is selected instead of other plasticizers. Recently, the use of triaryl phosphates has attracted attention again because of... 

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