Transportation Legislation

The transportation of chemicals is dierefore highly regulated. In addition to general transport legislation numerous statutory provisions govern die carriage of hazardous substances by air, road, rail and sea. These tend to address die need for ... 

In 1956, a classification system for hazardous goods was established by a committee of the United Nations (UN). This framework represents the starting point for international transportation legislation. The List of dangerous goods most commonly carried was developed by ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) see Figure 7.2. 

Dangerous goods (in accordance with the definition of the transport legislation) are substances or products which give concern for public safety when being transported. 

Containers also need to be of a performance tested type, in that they should be robust and have well-fitting lids and spill resistant tops to prevent leakage if knocked over. There are specific standards available for such containers and their packaging to comply with transport legislation. 

Technical Report on Air Safety and Cabin Air Quality in the BAel46 Aircraft, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Legislation Committee, Senate Printing Unit Canberra, Australia, 2000 at pp. 115-128. 

Another important potential appHcation for fuel cells is in transportation (qv). Buses and cars powered by fuel cells or fuel cell—battery hybrids are being developed in North America and in Europe to meet 2ero-emission legislation introduced in California. The most promising type of fuel cell for this appHcation is the SPEC, which uses platinum-on-carbon electrodes attached to a soHd polymeric electrolyte. 

J. Guandolo, Transportation Faw, 3rd ed., Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, 1979. Comprehensive review of transportation law and practice, with emphasis on railroads. Regulatory and legislative developments siace 1979 suggest caution ia volume use. 

In the United States, in particular, recent legislation has mandated sweeping improvements to urban air quality by limiting mobile source emissions and by promoting cleaner fuels. The new laws require commercial and government fleets to purchase a substantial number of vehicles powered by an alternative fuel, such as natural gas, propane, electricity, methanol or ethanol. However, natural gas is usually preferred because of its lower cost and lower emissions compared with the other available alternative gas or liquid fuels. Even when compared with electricity, it has been shown that the full fuel cycle emissions, including those from production, conversion, and transportation of the fuel, are lower for an NGV [2]. Natural gas vehicles offer other advantages as well. Where natural gas is abundantly available as a domestic resource, increased use... 

Additional eonsiderations, e.g. relating to labelling, information supply and emergeney proeedures, arise when marketing and transporting ehemieals. While - as with Chapter 13 and with eontrol measures generally - what is required will vary with speeifie legislation and basie requirements are summarized in Chapters 14 and 15. 

Regulates the use, transport or storage of petroleum spirit and - as extended by other legislation - mixtures, e.g. adhesives, thmners or lacquers containing petroleum, and non-petroleum based solvents with a flash point <73°F. 

The chapter on Radioactive chemicals (Chapter 11) has been updated. Considerations of safety in design (Chapter 12) are presented separately from systems of work requirements, i.e. Operating procedures (Chapter 13). Tlie considerations for Marketing and transportation of hazardous chemicals are now addressed in two separate chapters (Chapters 14 and 15). Chemicals and the Environment are now also covered in two chapters (Chapters 16 and 17) to reflect the requirement that the impact of chemicals on the environment should be properly assessed, monitored and controlled. Although a substantial contribution to atmospheric pollution is made by emissions from road vehicles and other means of transport, and this is now strictly legislated for, this topic is outside the scope of this text. Chapter 18 provides useful conversion factors to help with the myriad of units used internationally. 

It was not nndl the 1950s that detonation flame arresters made of crimped metal ribbon elements were developed and began to be used more freqnendy (Binks 1999). The major impetus for die use of crimped metal ribbon detonation flame arresters in the US was the enactment of clean air legislation (Clean Air Act of 1990) which inadvertently created a safety problem by requiring reductions in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. To do this, manifolded vent systems (vapor collection systems) were increasingly installed in many chemical process industry plants which captured VOC vapors and transported them to suitable recovery, recycle, or destruction systems. This emission control requirement has led to the introdnction of ignition risks, for example, from a flare or via spontaneous combustion of an activated carbon adsorber bed. Multiple... 

Manufacturers, suppliers and importers of chemicals have a legal obligation to ensure that their products are properly packed, labelled and transported, and to provide the user with information on the hazards and precautions for their use. (See Table 12.1 for UK legislation.)... 

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