Vacuum productivity

Leybold Vacuum Products and Reference Book Umrarii, W., editor Leybold Vacuum GmbH Koln, 2001. 

Hexammine, Calcium. Probably Ca(NH3)g. The compd decomposes explosively when heated in vacuum. The temp of explosion depends on the degree of vacuum. Products of the decomp are Ca nitride hydride and hydrogen (Ref 1) However, later studies (Ref 2) suggest that Ca Hexammine explosions are due to impurities which catalyze its decomposition Refs 1) E. Botolfsen, BullSocChim 31, 56 (1922) CA 16, 4154 (1922) 2) A.C. Pappas, ActaChemScand 3, 36 (1949) CA 43, 785 (1949)... 

From Vacuum Products by Welch Vacuum, Thomas Industries, Inc., p. 125, 1988 by Welch Vacuum Technology, Inc, reproduced with permission. 

Leybold Vacuum Products Inc. 5700 Mellon Road Export, PA 15632 (412) 327-5700 http //www.leybold.com McMaster-Carr Supply Company P.O. Box 54960 Los Angeles, CA 90054 213) 692-5911... 

MIX2 Vacuum Products Corporation 23842 Cabot Boulevard Hayward, Ca. 94545-1651 (510) 265-3500 (CA) 1-800-443-8817 Physical Electronics, Inc. 6509 Flying Cloud Dr. Eden Prairie, MN 55344 (612) 828-6157 (in MN) 1-800- 237-3603 (outside MN)... 

Varian Vacuum Products Division 121 Hartwell Ave. Lexington, M A 02173 (617) 861-7200 1-800- 882-7426 http //www.varian.com/inst/vacuum/ vac-uum.htm C.7 Chapter 8 Willson Scientific Glass, Inc. 528 E. Fig Street Monrovia, C A 91016 (818) 303-1656... 

Reactive Ion Etching. Etching experiments were carried out in an Applied Materials Model 8110 Hex reactor. Alternatively, a Cook Vacuum Products Inc. Model C71 RF/DC Sputtering Module was employed. Film thickness measurements were taken before and after etching to determine etching rates, and the rates were typically compared to that of the novolac-diazoquinone photoresist, HPR-206, baked at 210 C for 1 hour. Measurements were obtained on a Dektak Model IIA profilometer. 

Reactive-ion etch resistance was evaluated using a Cook Vacuum Products RIE system. Model C71-3 operating at 13.56 MHz. The etch resistance was determined for a two-layer configuration in which the resist was spun on 1.5 m of a polyester planarizing layer (PC-1) supplied by Futurrex Inc. The latter etches approx. 30-50% faster than HPR-204 ( 1500 A/min compared to 1000 A/min for HPR). The etching conditions were Power 0.16 W/cm Bias —350 V Pressure, 20 mTorr O2 Flow rate 15 seem O2. 

Oxygen reactive-ion etching (O2 RIE) was carried out with a Cooke Vacuum Products (model C71-3) parallel-plate RIE reactor operating at 13.56 MHz. Oxygen pressure and flow rate were 2 Pa and 10 seem (standard cubic centimeters per minute), respectively, and the RF (radio frequency) power density and self-bias were 0.15 W/cm and -350 V, respectively. 

For vacuum production reciprocating, rotary positive displacement and liquid ring pumps can be used to pressures from 200 to 10 mmHg. Alternatively steam ejectors can be used when water self is a product, as in evaporation of aqueous solutions. The residual pressures can be lowered under 1 mmHg by using several ejectors in series. 

These tests, while often difficult to set up, can show the effects of the different types of flocculation which can be produced. In terms of the speed of drainage under vacuum, products wiU tend to be ranked in the same order as in the free drainage tests, but the differences occur in recording of the final vacuum through the formed pad/sheet. This indicates the relative formation/floc structure. The pad/sheet can then be weighed wet and dried to determine the moisture content of the formed pad/ sheet. The best formation pad/sheet will have the lowest moisture content... 

This may require outlandish thicknesses of conventional insulations, although the more efficient plastic foams are frequently used for this reason. The most severe applications employ vacuum products with multiple layers of reflective foil or vacuum cavities with powder fill. 

Freeze-drying—This process involves the dehydration of meat by the freeze-drying process, which consists of subjecting frozen pieces of meat to heat under vacuum. Products retain their shape and form and do not shrink as with other methods of dehydration. Freeze-dried meat and poultry have a moisture content of 2% or less and will not support the growth of most microbes. 

Vacuum Products Division 121 Hartwell Avenue Lexington, MA 02421 Phone 781-861-7200 Fax 781-860-5405 www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/ ProducIsSa-vices/Instruments-Systems/ Vacuum-Technologies/Pages/default.aspx... 

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