Transforming growth factor synthesis

S. Increased synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta , which blocks cell division and promote.s apoptosis by interacting with its own membrane recepror,... 

In the interstitium, angiotensin II induces proliferation of mesangial cells and fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen and other matrix molecules by these cells via the ATI receptor. Moreover, by the concomitant stimulation of chemoattractant cytokines, inflammation is induced. These processes are mediated by endothelin, transforming growth factor(3, and reactive oxygen species, and finally lead to interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis observed in hypertension and diabetes. 

Kitamura M, Suto T, Yokoo T, Shimizu F, Fine LG Transforming growth factor-(Jj is the predominant paracrine inhibitor of macrophage cytokine synthesis produced by glomerular mesangial cells. J Immunol 1996 156 2964-2971. 

Transforming growth factor beta TGEP many cells stimulates deposition of extracellular matrix, by increasing synthesis of proteins such as fibronectin and the integrins ... 

Hepatocytes were isolated from male Fischer 344 rats and from three human liver (liver transplantation donors). Treatment with mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced P-oxidation activity, replicative DNA synthesis and inhibited apoptosis induced by transforming growth factor P (TGFP) in cultured rat but not human hepatocytes (Hasmall et al., 1999). 

A. M. Tiggelman, C. Linthorst, W. Boers, H. S. Brand, and R. A. Chamuleau, Transforming growth factor-beta-induced collagen synthesis by human liver myofibroblasts is inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin. J. Hepatol. 26 1220-1228 (1997). 

Khanna, A., Li, B., Stenzel, K. H., and Suthanthiran, M. (1994). Regulation of new DNA synthesis in mammalian cells by cyclosporine. Demonstration of a transforming growth factor beta-dependent mechanism of inhibition of cell growth. Transplantation 57, 577-582. 

Moriguchi Y, Matsubara H, Mori Y, Murasawa S, Masaki H, Maruyama K, Tsutsumi Y, Shibasaki Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Oda K, Iwasaka T. 1999. Angiotensin Il-induced transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor regulates fibronectin and transforming growth factor-beta synthesis via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Circ Res 84 1073-1084. 

Li Q, Muragaki Y, Hatamura I, Ueno H, Ooshima A. Stretch-induced collagen synthesis in cultured smooth muscle cells from rabbit aortic media and a possible involvement of angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-p. J Vase Res. 1998 35 93-103. 

Transforming growth factor-a-Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A 40 (TGFa-PE40, Mr = 44,960) is a recombinant fusion protein synthesized in E. co/z.127,128 The growth factor moiety binds to surface epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors on cancerous cells and is internalized where it releases the exotoxin domain into the cytosol.128 The toxin subunit catalytically inactivates the protein synthesis machinery of the cancer cell and the cell subsequently dies.129 It is a recombinant protein intended to be an anticancer therapeutic. 

In an in vitro and in vivo experiment, ciclosporin promoted tumor growth by a direct cellular effect (193). This was suggested to be due to increased synthesis of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) anti-TGF beta antibodies blocked the increased spread of cancer cells. The clinical relevance of these data awaits further careful clinical confirmation. Continuing analysis of chn-ical experience has not provided clear evidence for a ciclosporin-specific effect and has instead supported an immunosuppressive effect (194). 

Waiser J, Dell K, Kreutzkamp J, BohlerT, Budde K, Peters FI, and Neumayer FIFI. FK506, transforming growth factor-betal and mesangial matrix synthesis parallels and differences compared with cyclosporine A. Cytokine 33 59-65,2006. 

Gauchat, J.F., Aversa, G., Gascan, H. and De-Vries, J.E. (1992a). Modulation of IL-4 induced germline epsilon RNA synthesis in human B cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies or transforming growth factor-beta correlates with levels of IgE production. Int. Immunol. 4, 397-406. 

Wu, C.Y., Brinkmann, V., Cox, D., Heusser, C. and Delespesse, G. (1992). Modulation of human IgE synthesis by transforming growth factor-beta. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 62, 277-284. 

Khalil, N., Bereznay, O.H., Spom, M. and Greenberg, A.H. (1989). Macrophage production of transforming growth factor and fibroblast collagen synthesis in chronic pulmonary inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 170, 727-737. 

Although some details of the biosynthesis of HA have still to be clarified, epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor P (TGF-P) and other cytokines, e.g. interleukin-1 (IL-1) are known to activate the synthesis of HA in the cells [86]. 

Fava, R. A., Casey, T. T., Wilcox, I, Pelton, R. W., Moses, H. L., and Nanney, L. B., Synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta 1 by megakaryocytes and its localization to megakaryocyte and platelet alpha-granules, Blood, 76, 1946, 1990. 

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