Transformation of mammalian

Several inorganic arsenic compounds are weak inducers of chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and in vitro transformation of mammalian and piscine cells. However, there is no conclusive evidence that arsenic causes point mutations in any cellular system (Pershagen and Valuer 1979 Belton et al. 1985 Lee et al. 1985 Deknudt et al. 1986 Manna and Mukheijee 1989). Studies with bacteria suggest that arsenite is a comutagen, or may inhibit DNA repair (Belton et al. 1985). 

Kabanov, A.V., Astafieva, I.V., Maksimova, I.V., Lukanidin, EM., Georgiev, G.P. and Kabanov, V.A. (1993) Efficient transformation of mammalian cells using DNA interpolyelectrolyte complexes with carbon chain polycations. Bioconjug. Chem., 4, 448 154. 

Huberman, E. Mutagenesis and cell transformation of mammalian cells in culture by chemical carcinogens. 

S. J. Mansour, et al. Transformation of mammalian cells by constimtively active MAP kinase kinase. Science, 265, 966-970, 1994. 

Hesterberg TW, Barrett JC. 1984. Dependence of asbestos- and mineral dust-induced transformation of mammalian cells in culture on fiber dimension. Cancer Res 44 2170-2180. 

Southern, P. J. and Berg, P. (1982). Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. I, 327-341. 

Landolph JR (1990) Neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells by carcinogenic metal compounds Cellular and molecular mechanisms. In Foulkes EC (ed.) Biological Effects of Heavy Metals. Metal Carcinogenesis, vol. II, pp. 1-18. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

Chen, C. and Okayama, H. (1987) High-efficiency transformation of mammalian cells by plasmid DNA. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 2745-2752. 

Other soluble factors whose activities are regulated by phosphorylation and which are involved in determining the rates of protein initiation include eIF-3, eIF-4A, eIF-4B, eIF-4F, and eIF-5. However, unlike eIF-2 in which phosphorylation is related to inhibition of protein synthesis, phosphorylation of all other factors is correlated with stimulation of protein synthesis at the level of initiation. Similarly, phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein is also considered to increase the rates of initiation by increasing the activity of 40S ribosomal subunits. In some cases (increased amounts and activities of elFs, for example), overexpression of eIF-4E has been shown to cause malignant transformation of mammalian fibroblasts (Lazaris-Karatzas et al., 1990). In addition, the initiation factor eIF-4D, which is required for the formation of the first peptide bond, has a unique posttranslational modification, hypusine, whose absence can block the initiation of protein synthesis (Park et al., 1991). 

L.A. Braby (Pacific Northwest Laboratories) is studying the malignant transformation of mammalian cells exposed to alpha particles that pass through the cell nuclei in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of action of radiation. The mechanisms of cell killing by alpha particles (M. Raju, Los Alamos Laboratories), cell neoplastic transformation from alpha particles (S.B. Curtis, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory), and pulmonary tissue injury from radon/radon daughter exposure (T.M. Seed, Argonne National Laboratory) are also under investigation. 

One class of redox analytes for which diamond ofiers a somewhat unique response, especially in the carbon electrode family, is the electrooxidation of aliphatic polyamines, such as cadaverine (H2N-(CH2)5-NH2). Polyamines are ubiquitous components of all cells and are known to play critical roles in the proliferation, difierentiation, maintenance, and neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells [159]. Polyamines are known to be involved in angiogenesis—a process essential for tumor growth and metastasis (biological markers for cancer) [160,161]. 

Cell transformation. This technique is based on the fact that transformation of mammalian cells by carcinogenic chemicals can be observed in tissue culture. In Section 11.5 we discussed cell transformation resulting from oncogenic virus infection similar effects can be observed as a result of chemical transformation. Instead of the orderly growth normally seen in tissue cultures of mammalian cells, cultures of transformed cells spread in a disordered fashion and tend to pile up on top of each other. If the transformed cells are injected into a test animal of the same species and strain that the cells were originally derived from, a malignant tumor will almost invariably result. 

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