Technology, transfer of

The phrase technology transfer has been used to describe a multitude of phenomena. In the context of this discussion, the term refers to the application 

New tests currently under examination using mammals offer the possibility of measuring a broad array of genetic end points in vivo. These tests cover both somatic and germ cell target sites. 

The commercial testing laboratories are a small but significant entity in the total spectrum of genetic toxicology. As new tests are developed and validated, they will be put to the test in these laboratories. Only assays that come 

TABLE 1. Steps Involved in Technology Transfer for Genetic Toxicology Testing 

The development of the assay system or new testing approach will be based on the use of model compounds with known mechanisms of action. If the assay system appears to be a reliable and sensitive indicator of genetic toxicity, it will be subjected to validation under controlled conditions. 

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While a complete technology package is essential, the transfer of technology can be enhanced by ... 

In situ injection of steam has been a common practice in the oil fields of southern California for several decades. The addition of heat reduces the viscosity of the crude oil, allowing it to migrate more easily. The increased temperature also beneficially increases the vapor pressure of the oil, which allows volatile compounds to be more easily recovered. For most VOCs, vapor pressure doubles for every 20°C increase in soil temperature. The use of injected heat, steam, hot water, or air exemplifies the effective transfer of technology from other fields. 

This portion of the discussion is limited to a general overview. Significant literature exists on this subject however, most gas purification processes have not been extensively tested on coal- or oil shale-derived gases the engineering transfer of technology from other systems entails a measure of risk. 

Danzon, P. M. and A. Towse. 2005. Theory and Implementation of Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals. In International Public Goods and Transfer of Technology Under a Globalized Intellectual Property Regime, edited by K. E. Maskus and J. H. Reichman, 425-456. New York Cambridge University Press. 

Dordrecht, Y. Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Beyond, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Ml, 1995. Fitzgerald, W.F., Gill, G.A., and JP. Kim An Equatorial Pacific Ocean Source of Atmospheric Mercury," Science, 224, 597-599 (1984). 

As noted earlier, the usual purpose of these methods is to provide relatively small amounts of material, in a rapid manner, with little risk of the chemistry failing. Cost is not of primary concern. One of the methods cited later in this chapter for larger scale approaches may be applicable for the product candidate, but experience with these methodologies has to be such that success can be attained in a synthesis campaign with little work involved in the transfer of technology to this project. 

Establish the requirements for the orderly transfer of technology from one site to another in order to ensure equivalence of performance. 

The opportunities for exploitation, described above, arise from developments within the company and any transfer of technology would be outward. There are also those opportunities which arise from outside the company, but that could be developed within the company, if there was an inward transfer of technology. The transfer of technology is an increasingly common way of exploiting the opportunities from... 

In order to meet a desire for rapid development of technology outside the core competencies of the business it may be necessary to buy in some key parts of this technology. This can be done either from another part of the company or more usually from an external source. This is the process of inward technology transfer. R D Managers are involved in ensuring that this transfer of technology is carried out in a smooth and efficient a way. 

Borellini F, Ostrove J.The transfer of technology from the laboratory to the clinic In process controls and final product testing. In Meager A, ed. Gene Therapy Technologies, Applications and Regulations. New York Wiley, 1999 359-73. 

As noted in Section 3, Article 16 of the CBD indicates that access to, and transfer of, technology are essential elements of the objectives of the Convention. In Article 16.5, it is recognised that patents and other intellectual property rights may have an impact on implementation of the CBD and encouraged parties to ensure that such rights are supportive of and do not run counter to its [the CBD] objectives with the caveat subject to national legislation and international law . 

Unlike transfer from AR D to QC, methods available at this time may not have been fully vahdated and may either be Tier 1 or Tier 2 methods (Table 16-1). Depending on the status of the project at the time of the transfer, the receiving lab may have to redevelop and revalidate the methods. Transfer under this mode can be prompted by legally mandated timeline, especially in a merger situation, to ensure the timely and complete transfer of technology to the receiving lab. Assessment of success or failure of transfer may not be... 

Are the effects of Bayh-Dole on U.S. universihes and industry desirable We believe they are mixed. We hnd little evidence that the incentives created by Bayh-Dole for patenhng, licensing, and associated transfer of technology have shihed the academic research agenda toward apphed research, a concern voiced by some observers. But this is a very tentahve and preliminary conclusion. 

Establish synergistic transfer of technology between CIE and industrial partners, and... 

TotalFinaElf 6, 24 Trade patterns 4, 39 Trading chemical contracts 32 Transfer of skills, 179 Transfer of technology 179 Transitional challenges, 90-92 Transnational organization 122 TRS. see Total Return to Shareholders... 

The transfer of technology from one organization to another is a key phase of the project itself. As shown in Fig. 8, there are two different approaches that can be used in the transfer of technology ... 

The overlapping approach is the more effective and efficient approach in practice and results in a truly integrated transfer of technology. In this approach, both the upstream and downstream groups work together to understand and solve the problems that need to be resolved to transfer the technology. Examples of these problems may include... 

Regardless of the approach that is taken, scale-up involves more than increasing the total number of unit doses produced. It involves the transfer of technology and the transfer of the knowledge that has been accumulated during the small-scale development of the product and processes. It is important to realize that good communication is critical for formulation and process transfer to be successful. It is essential to... 

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