Tranquilization effect

Type II refers to the case in which the isotherms for both cations increase with increasing concentration of the respective cations. Such isotherms have been found for (Li, K)F,j2 (Li, K)(S04)i/2, (Na, K)OH, (Ag, Cs)Br, - (Ag, Na)I, - (Ag, K)I, - " and (Ag, CS)I. In charge asymmetric systems such as (K, Ca 2)CI, such isotherms also usually appear. A common feature of these type II systems is the particularly strong interaction of one cation with the common anion compared with that of the second cation with the anion. The strongly interacting cation will retard the internal mobility of the second cation. This is called the tranquilization effect, and will be explained in Section III.5( 70-... 

In such systems as (M, Mj (i/2))X (M, monovalent cation Mj, divalent cation X, common anion), the much stronger interaction of M2 with X leads to restricted internal mobility of Mi. This is called the tranquilization effect by M2 on the internal mobility of Mi. This effect is clear when Mj is a divalent or trivalent cation. However, it also occurs in binary alkali systems such as (Na, K)OH. The isotherms belong to type II (Fig. 2) % decreases with increasing concentration of Na. Since the ionic radius of OH-is as small as F", the Coulombic attraction of Na-OH is considerably stronger than that of K-OH. 

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the free space effect and the tranquilization effect the former is usually more pronounced at lower temperatures. However, if the two effects are superimposed, for example, possibly for at very low concentration in (Li, K)(CO,)(i/2), it is nearly impossible to deconvolute them. 

The tranquilization effect may be also explained in terms of the dynamic dissociation model (Fig. 4), where C, interacts more strongly with A than C does, when the separating motion of C from the reference ion A will be retarded. Thus, Ct plays the role of a tranquilizer ion. 

Notes tranq. tranquilization effect agit, agitation effect self-agit, self-agitation effect. 

In the alkali and alkaline earth nitrate mixtures, the internal mobilities have been systematically investigated, the isotherms being shown in Fig. 15. The internal mobilities of the alkali ions as a function of the molar volume are much smaller than expressed by an equation such as Eq. (12). This means that the internal mobilities of the alkali ions, Mju, are modified by the tranquilization effect caused by the divalent cations. The M ik is assumed to be expressed by... 

By contrast, clonazepam is an especially long-acting benzodiazepine that is only available in an oral preparation. Clonazepam can be started at 0.5-1 mg/day given in one or two doses per day. Whereas lorazepam provides a relatively quick onset of its tranquilizing effects, clonazepam offers a calming effect that lasts throughout the day. 

Typical Antipsychotics. The high potency antipsychotic haloperidol (Haldol) and low potency antipsychotics chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and thioridazine (Mellaril) have also been used to treat ADHD. Although they provide a tranquilizing effect (they are in fact sometimes called major tranquilizers ) that can reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity, antipsychotics remain markedly less effective than stimulants. Antipsychotics do not noticeably improve attention in patients with ADHD, and at this time the typical antipsychotics cannot be considered a reasonable monotherapy in uncomplicated ADHD. 

Antipsychotics. Antipsychotic medications are also called major tranquilizers. It is for the tranquilizing effect that they have been used to treat agitation. The earliest antipsychotics, especially thioridazine (Mellaril), proved to be effective in reducing agitation however, this comes at the price of further impairing cognition due to its profound anticholinergic effects. 

Nevertheless, patients with severe BPD may be especially vulnerable to repeated psychotic decompensation and therefore arguably need prophylactic treatment with an antipsychotic. In addition to their proven ability to treat psychotic symptoms, antipsychotics also have tranquilizing effects that can counteract impulsivity and mood lability. They do so while avoiding the potential disinhibition that can be caused by benzodiazepines. 

It exerts sedative and tranquillizing effect and it is postulated that it blocks dopamine receptors within CNS. It is used in acute and chronic psychoses, anxiety disorders, mania and schizophrenia. 

Mimosa invisa Mart, et Colla M. pudica L. American Han Xiou Cao Han Xiou Cao (whole plant) Minosine.78 This herb is toxic if overdose. Treat neurosis, trauma wound, and hemoptysis. It has a tranquilizing effect. 

Poria cocos (Polyporaceae) (Syn. Sclerotium cocos) Fu Ling (fungus body) Pachymic acid, tumulosic acid, eburicoic acid, pinicolic acid, pachymarose.33 A diuretic, cardiotonic, it has tranquilizing effect, lower blood sugar levels, it is antibacterial and anticancer. 

Prunus armeniaca L. Xing Ren (Apricot) (kernel) Amygdalin, prunasin, fatty acids, mandelonitrile (enzyme amygdalase can hydrolyze amygdalin to produce cyanic acid).33 53 Stimulate respiratory center reflexively and produce a tranquilizing effect. 

Thevetai peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Huang Hua Jia Zhu Tao (seed, flower, leaf) Thevetin A and B, theveside, peruvosides, vertiaflavone, theviridoside.33 Tranquilizing effect, treat congestive heart failure. 

Some of the tricyclic compounds bridged between positions 1 and 4 (type 34) (Section II,C,3) were found to have sedative, anticonvulsive, and tranquillant effects (73FRP2111765). 

Archaeological evidence shows that early civilizations were keenly aware of the medicinal properties of certain plants. In a.d. 78, for example, the Greek physician Dioscorides wrote Materia Medica, a treatise in which he described about 600 plants known to have medicinal properties. Included in this list was the opium poppy, shown in this chapter s opening photograph. Incisions in the seed capsules of this plant yield a milky sap. When air-dried and kneaded, the sap forms a soft material known as opium, which contains opioids, a class of alkaloids known for their pain-killing and tranquilizing effects. The molecule shown is morphine, one of the more abundant and potent opioids. 

In 1918 the traditional Indian remedy rauwolfia was reported to be useful in the treatment of hypertension. Reexamination of this material led to the isolation of reserpine (28 R1 = Me, R2 = 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl) which was shown in 1952 to have hypotensive and tranquilizing effects. Other alkaloids such as deserpidine (28 R1 = H, R2 = 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl) and rescinnamine (28 R1 = Me, R2 = 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamoyl) were later isolated. They are useful when alternative, more potent drugs are not well tolerated. 

In higher doses, GHB has powerful tranquilizing effects that can cause a person to pass out. It makes that person more vulnerable to attack by incapacitating him or her. Even though GHB has a slightly salty taste, it can go undetected when mixed into a drink. 

The term minor tranquilizer (which has been replaced by the more precise terms sedative-hypnotic or anxiolytic ) refers to drugs used to treat conditions such as insomnia and anxiety. Because they reduce anxiety and produce pleasantly sedating or tranquilizing effects, these drugs are more subject to abuse than the neuroleptics. 

A number of street drugs have tranquilizing effects and are often associated with sexual assaults in the United States. These so-called date-rape drugs include ... 

The synthetic, structurally related substances produce tranquilizing effects. 

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