Cause-specific mortality

Cocco et al. (1997) evaluated cause-specific mortality among workers of a lead-smelting plant in Italy. The cohort consisted of 1,388 men whose vital status was followed from January 1950, or 12 months after the date of hiring, whichever was later, through December 1992. For this period, reference mortality rates of the Italian male population were available from the mortality data base of the World Health Organization (WHO). The deaths from all causes, all malignant neoplasms, diseases of the... 

Studies examining the relationship between socioeconomic status and health have also been carried out comparing various US states, e.g. comparing the degree of household income inequality and state-level variation in all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In an independent study, Kaplan et al. (1996a) examined the association between income inequality and state-level and household-level variations in total mortality rates. In all cases, increased steepness of inequality was associated with higher death rates overall. 

That the degree of investment in social capital predicts state variations in total and cause-specific mortality . 

A much larger cohort of 8854 men, 2293 of whom were exposed to acrylamide, from 1925 to 1983 was examined for mortality. This cohort consisted of four chemical plant populations. No statistically significant excess of all-cause or cause-specific mortality was found among acrylamide workers. Analysis by acrylamide exposure levels showed no trend of increased risk of mortality from several cancer sites. Although the authors concluded that the results do not support the hypothesis that aery-... 

Bond GG, Wetterstroem NH, Roush GJ, et al Cause specific mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation, or packaging of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and related salts. Br J Ind Med 45 98-105, 1988... 

Cause-specific mortality was lower than expected for all causes of death at a weapons facility where isobutyl acetate was one of several commonly used solvents. ... 

Checkoway H, et al Mortality among workers in the Florida phosphate industry. II. Cause-specific mortality relationships with work areas and exposures. J Occup Med 27 893-896, 1985... 

In a cohort of 3579 white male chemical workers with potential exposures to brominated compounds including tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, no significant overall or cause-specific mortality excess was detected (Wong et al., 1984). 

Ott, M.G., and A. Zober. 1996. Cause specific mortality and cancer incidence among employees exposed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD after a 1953 reactor accident. Occup. Environ. Med. 

HK Kang Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC Perform a retrospective cohort mortality study to determine the overall mortality rate as well as the cause-specific mortality rates associated with Vietnam service or exposure to Agent Orange in 10,000 Marines who served in Vietnam and an equal number of those who served elsewhere Department of Veterans Affairs Research and Development... 

OttMG, Zober A. 1996. Cause specific mortality and cancer incidence among employees exposed to... 

In case LDL oxidation is considered as an important risk factor, the dosage of vitamin E may be important to determine a clinical effect. However, with respect to inhibition of protein kinase-C and the release of proinflammatory cytokines the intracellular transfer of RRRT (natural vitamin E) by the tocopherol-associated protein may be a crucial point. Consequently, natural vitamin E is considered more effective than the synthetic one. Since the activity on LDL oxidation was pointed out as important for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, most of the long-term trials with vitamin E were conducted at dosages >200 mg/day (about 200 lU/d). In a recent meta-analysis the association of plasma levels and mortality was studied in 1168 elderly European men and women (25). No association was found between the plasma concentration and all-cause or cause-specific mortality. 

Bruijsse B, Feskens EJ, Schlettwein-Gsell D, et al. Plasma carotene and alpha-tocopherol in relation to 10-y all-cause and cause-specific mortality in European elderly the Survey in Europe on Nutrition and Elderly, a Concerted Action (SENECA). Am J Clin Nutr 2005 82 879-886. 

Brun E, Nelson RG, Bennett PH, et al, Verona Diabetes Study, Diabetes duration and cause-specific mortality in the Verona Diabetes Study, Diabetes Care 2000 23 1 I 19-1 123,... 

In 2005, Bullman et al. (2005) reported the results of a mortality study of troops exposed to chemical warfare agents based on the air plume models that were developed after the detonation. The cause-specific mortality of 100,487 exposed veterans was compared with that of 224,480 unexposed US Army Gulf War veterans. The risks for most disease-related mortality were similar for exposed and unexposed veterans. However, exposed veterans had an increased risk of brain cancer deaths (relative risk= 1.94 95% CI= 1.12, 3.34). The risk of brain cancer death was larger among those exposed 2 or more days than those exposed 1 day when both were compared separately to all unexposed veterans. 

Checkoway H, Mathew RM, Shy CM, et al. 1985. Radiation, work experience, and cause specific mortality among workers at an energy research laboratory. Br J Ind Med 42 525-533. 

Checkoway H, Pearce N, Crawford-Brown DJ, et al. 1988. Radiation doses and cause-specific mortality among workers at a nuclear materials fabrication plant. Am J Epidemiol 127(2) 255-266. 

Belli S, Bruno C, Combat P, et al. 1998. [Cause-specific mortality of asbestos-cement workers compensated for asbestosis in the city of Bari.] Epidemiol Prev 22 8-11. (Italian). 

Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR)—The ratio of a cause-specific mortality proportion in an exposed group to the mortality proportion in an unexposed group mortality proportions may be adjusted for confounding variables such as age. Cause-specific mortality proportions can be calculated when the cohort (the population at risk) cannot be defined due to inadequate records, but the number of deaths and the causes of deaths are known. 

Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)— The ratio of a cause-specific mortality rate in an exposed cohort during a given period to the mortality rate of an unexposed cohort mortality rates are often adjusted for age or other confounding variables. 

Evolution of cause-specific mortality rates in Barcelona among a cohort of drug users recruited in treatment centres, 1992-98... 

Aleman BMP, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, Klokman WJ, et al. Longterm cause-specific mortality of patients treated for Hodgkin s disease. J Clin Oncol 2003 21 3431-3439. 

Alexander BH, Checkoway H, Nagahama SI, et al Cause-specific mortality risks of anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 93 922-930, 2000 American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000... 

Cause-specific mortality rate Deaths from a specific cause per population... 

Laden et al. (2007) studied rates of cause-specific mortality in U.S. trucking industry workers in order to provide insight into mortality patterns associated with job-specific exposures (Laden et al. 2007). Among these workers, P D drivers, who were the most exposed to urban PM, had an increased standardized mortality ratio for lung cancer and ischemic heart disease (Davis et al. 2006 Smith et al. 2006 Garshick et al. 2008). 

Laden F, Hart JE, Smith TJ, Davis ME, Garshick E (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized U.S. trucking industry. Environ Health Perspect 115 1192-1196 Leon Bluhm G, Berglind N, Nordling E, Rosenlund M (2007) Road traffic noise and hypertension. Occup Environ Med 64 122-126... 

The WHO task group used the updated estimates for those studies with reanalyzed data. Estimates of the effeet of PMio on all-cause mortality were taken from 33 separate European cities or regions. The summary relative risks of all cause deaths, deaths from cardiovascular and from respiratory causes for these 33 results is shown in Eig. 3. 21 of theses estimates were taken from the APHEA 2 study (Katsouyanni et al. 2001) and hence the summary estimate derived from this review is dominated by this multicity study. There were no cause specific mortality data available from the APHEA project at the time of met analysis and the summary risk estimate for cause specific mortality was calculated on the basis of 17 multicity studies mainly conducted in France, Italy and Spain. Therefore care has to be taken interpreting the differences in the risk estimates. The estimates for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality taken from European studies are comparable to those reported from the NMMAPS based upon the 20 largest cities in the United States (Samet et al. 2000a) (Fig. 3). Air pollution risk estimates were relatively robust to different modeling approaches (Samoli et al. 2008). 

The North Rhine-Westphaha State Environment Agency studied a cohort of approximately 4800 women and assessed whether long-term exposure to air pollution originating from motorized traffic and industrial sources was associated with total and cause-specific mortality (Gehring et al. 2006). Cardiopulmonary mortality was associated with living within a 50-meter radius of a major road (adjusted RR = 1.70 95% Cl 1.02-2.81), and with PMio concentrations... 

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