Trade European

Keywords Emissions trading European Union Law Competition State aid EC law... 

The real worry for pharmaceutical companies has always been the possible extension of parallel trade. The most immediate threat is in Europe, where supply problems have in practice limited the trade. European wholesalers are mostly oriented to their national markets they are therefore often unable to provide traders with the volume of products desired. As pan-European wholesalers emerge, this constraint may disappear indeed, such wholesalers may enter the trade themselves. 

The values of raw materials and products can be found in trade journals such as Chemical Marketing Reporter (Schnell Publishing Company) and European Chemical News (Reed Business Publishing... 

At the European level, the national organizations from both the EU (European Union, formerly the EEC) and the EETA (European Free Trade Association) are grouped in the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and its counterpart for the electrical industries CENELEC. The standards published by these two organizations have authority in all EU countries as well as the EFTA countries who have voted their approval, which means that these standards have replaced their corresponding national standards. 

The pressure equipment directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in May 1997. It harmonises the national laws of the 15 Member States of the European Union relating to equipment subject to the pressure risk. That directive is one of the series of technical harmonisation directives such as for machinery, medical devices, simple pressure vessels, gas appliances and so on, which were foreseen by the Communities programme for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. It therefore aims to ensure the free placing on the market and putting into service of the equipment concerned within the European Union and the European Economic Area. At the same time it permits a flexible regulatory environment, allowing European industry to develop new techniques increasing thereby its international competitiveness. 

European news information manufacturers dmgs, toxicology trade news textiles... 

Conformance to ISO 9000 by U.S. companies was led by the chemical industry as a result of the importance of international trade to chemical companies. An ISO 9000 certification was once thought to be necessary for access to the European market (52). At the beginning of 1994, almost 20% of U.S. certifications went to chemical companies. The emphasis on registration continues at a fast pace, as certification is considered an important suppher selection criterion by U.S. chemical companies. 

Soybeans are the most important oilseed in international trade. The United States, Bra2il, and Argentina are the main suppHers to the export markets. In 1994—1995, United States exports of 22.0 x 10 metric tons represented 32% of the domestic production, 16% of the world crop, and 69% of the international trade in soybeans. The European Union, Japan, Mexico, and Taiwan were the largest importers of soybeans (51). Japan, which produces <5% of its soybean needs, is the largest single soybean customer of the United States. Japan imported 3.4 x 10 t in 1994 (51). The United States also exports processed soybean products, eg, oil and meal. For 1990—1993, an average of 47% of the crop was exported as whole beans and processed products. 

These products are marketed under the trade name Hostapur. Hostapur SAS 60, a 60% active paste, is used at low levels ia some European Hquid hand-dishwashing products. 

Polyether ketone (PEK) (structure A). In 1986 three European companies (BASF, Hoechst and ICI) announced they were developing the material (to be marketed under the trade names of Ultrapek, Hostatec and Victrex PEK respectively). 

EFMA is a trade association to promote role of minerol fertilizers in European agriculture and horticulture. 

The London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) is the second largest energy futures exchange in the world, listing futures contracts that represent the pricing benchmarks for two-thirds of the world s crude oil and the majority of middle distillate traded in Europe. IPE natural gas futures may also develop into an international benchmark as the European market develops larger sales volume. 

Trade nameofEbonex Technologies Inc., California USA, (European Patent Application 0047595 US Patent 4 422 917)... 

Harmonisation activities are overseen by a steering committee comprising representatives of each of the six parties, together with observers from the WHO, the European Eree Trade Association (EFTA) and Canada. The Committee meet at least twice each year, with the location rotating between the three regions. The committee also organises major international conferences on harmonisation that are held every 2 years. 

The EU laws follow three principles related to consumer health (1) protection, (2) fraud prevention, and (3) trade barriers. The union tried to harmonize the laws of different countries, particularly in recent years when the enlargement of the European Community became dynamic. Color Directive 94/36/EC contains horizontal provisions that refer to common laws in different countries and vertical directives that apply to specific foods. The EU directives take into account the recommendations of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), the Codex AUmen-tarius Commission, and the Joint Food and Agriculture OrganizationAVorld Health Organization (FAOAVHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 

Netherlands drug regulation now follow European Union rules. For example, GMP inspection is based on the 1983 European Union guidelines for GMP. Since 1 January 1995, a European procedure for registration has operated in the Netherlands. Now two types of trade licences exist a European licence and a national licence. Products with a European licence may be sold throughout the whole European Union, while the national licences are only valid for the country in which the licence was issued by means of the national registration procedure. 

Tamm (2000) As a constant supply of the European markets is a prerequisite for the extension of the organic market share, trade may represent a suitable approach to overcome shortcomings of supply - however, efficient and fair trade structures that help farmers to keep prices as well as market supply constant on a multi-region scale are yet to be developed. ... 

The values of raw materials and products can be found in trade journals such as Chemical Marketing Reporter (published by Schnell Publishing Company), European Chemical News and Asian Chemical News (published by Reed Business Information). However, the values reported in such sources will be subject to short-term fluctuations, and long-term forecasts will be required for investment analysis. 

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