European Union emissions trading

Reinaud, 1,2005. Industrial Competitiveness under the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. IEA Information Paper, Paris. 

ERU ETS EU EUA EU ETS Emissions reduction unit Short for EU ETS European Union European Union Allowances The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, specified by the Directive 2003/87/EC, and launched in January 2005... 

Carbon emissions from large stationary sources are more readily controlled than those from smaller, dispersed units. In Europe, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) that aims to limit carbon emissions from these point sources was implemented on 1 January 2005. Individual plants are issued with permits which specify the level of carbon that each may emit annually. Companies with surplus permits may sell these to others who wish to exceed their respective allowances. At first, the scheme did not work well because the initial allocations were generous and the market price of permits was too low to be effective in curtailing emissions. In the next phase of the programme, permits could be restricted and their market value would then rise. As these regulations begin to bite and companies have to purchase additional permits on the open market at realistic prices, it may become financially attractive - if not actually required by law - to fit carbon-capture equipment to their exhaust stacks. 

Uncertainties Within the European Union Emissions Trading System... 

Bloomberg (2006). European Union Emissions Trading Scheme Spot Prices. Bloomberg L.P. 

With estimated economic damage of about US 85 for each ton of carbon dioxide, capping greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and putting a price tag on them becomes inevitable. Indeed, under the European Union emissions trading scheme (EU ETS), such a setup is already in effect for certain industries. Similar schemes are popping up across the United States in separate groups of states and in other major industrial economies worldwide. 

The European Union emission trading scheme saw a lot of price volatility in Phase 1. Many academics pointed out that much of the price volatility occurred because the program prevented the banking of allowances from the first phase to the second. Discnss why the banking of allowances over time may rednce price volatility in a cap-and-trade scheme. 

On 8 July 2008, the European Parliament voted to expand the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme to cover aviation emissions from January 2012. What the EU ETS broadly proposes is that operators be allocated allowances each giving them a right to emit 1 tonne of carbon dioxide per year. The total number of allowances allocates a limit on the overall emissions from the activities covered by the Scheme. By 30 April each year operators must surrender allowances to cover their actual emissions. Operators can trade allowances so that emissions reductions can be made where they are most cost-effective. 

EROEI ETBE ETS EU EUCAR EUR Energy returned on energy invested Ethyl tertiary butyl ether Emission trading scheme European Union European Council for Automotive Research and Development Estimated ultimate recovery... 

Bulow, J.I., Pfleiderer, P., 1983. A note on the effect of cost changes on prices. Journal of Political Economy 91, 182-185. Commission of the European Communities, 2000. Green Paper on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading within the European Union. Defra, 2004a. UK Announces Consultation on Draft National Allocation Plan for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme [available at www.defra.gov.uk]. 

Harrison, D.J., Radov, D.B., 2002. Evaluation of Alternative Initial Allocation Mechanisms in a European Union Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allowance Trading Schemes. NERA Report to DG Environment, European Commission, NERA. 

Szabo, L., Hidalgo I., Ciscar, J.C., Soria, A., 2006. C02 emission trading within the European Union and Annex B countries the cement industry case. Energy Policy 34(1), 72-87. 

Keywords Emissions trading European Union Law Competition State aid EC law... 

The methods officially used in the wine trade transactions are summarized in Table 8.1. Generally, the OIV methods are officially adopted in the European Union without significant technical changes. The methods reported are mainly colorimetric, titrimetric, or use Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES, e.g. Flame Spectrophotometry), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Hydride Generation-AAS (HG-AAS), Electrothermal-AAS (ET-AAS) and Vapour Atomic Flourescence Spectrophotometry (VAF). 

European Commission 2000. Green paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union , COM(2000) 87, March 2000. Point Carbon 2001. Towards EU-wide emissions trading Politics, design and prices , The Carbon Market Analyst, 25 September 2001. 

Harrison, D. and Radov, D. 2002. Evaluation of alternative initial allocation mechanisms in a European Union greenhouse gas emissions allowance trading scheme , report for DG Environment, March 2002. 

By taking into consideration the total emissions determined bottom-up of the plants covered by emissions trading which amount to 501 Mt CO2 for the 2000-2002 base period, a total annual number of 499 million European Union Allowances (EUA) was reached for Germany for the pilot phase of the EU ETS, from the above-mentioned top-down emissions target of 503 Mt CO2 for the period 2005-2007. 

European Commission 2000. Green paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union , COM(2000) 87, March 2000. 

Generic term for the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol bubbles, JI, CDM and international emissions trading Known planned development Member State of the European Union Megawatt thermal... 

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