Trace elements in body

PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS IN BODY FLUIDS AND SAMPLE VOLUMES REQUIRED FOR ANALYSIS BY ETA-AAS... 

CONCENTRATIONS OF NON-ESSENTIAL, TOXIC TRACE ELEMENTS IN BODY TISSUES AND FLUIDS... 

Standard methods for the determination of trace elements in body fluids. 

Nonto.xic Trace Elements in Body (Function Unknown) ... 

ScHRAMEL P and Wendler I (1998) Capabilities of double focussing magnetic sector-ICP-MS for the determination of trace elements in body fluids (blood, blood serum, urine) at the example of control materials. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 362 487-491. 

Gills, T.E., McClendon. L.T., Maienthal, E.J., Becker. D.A., Durst, R.A. and LaFleur, P.D. (1974). Determination of toxic trace elements in body fluid reference samples. Trace Subst. Environ. Health. 8. 273. 

Vaughan, M.-A., Baines, A. D, and Templeton, D. M. (1991). Multielement analysis of biological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. II. Rapid survey method for profiling trace elements in body fluids. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 37(2), 210. 

The literature includes a number of mis-matches, the following standing as examples for the many The use of bovine liver and other animal tissues for QC in the analysis of hmnan body fluids should not be considered by analysts. The matrix and the levels of trace elements do not match the levels to be analyzed, which may lead to serious errors. An even more severe mis-use was recently reported by Schuhma-cher et al. (1996) for NIST SRM 1577a Bovine Liver, which was used for QC in the analysis of trace elements in plant materials and soil samples in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator. Also recently, Cheung and Wong (1997) described how the quality control for the analysis of trace elements in clams (shellfish) and sediments was performed with the same material NIST SRM 1646, Estuarine sediment. Whilst the selected SRM was appropriate for sediments, its usefulness as a QC tool for clams is difficult to prove see also Chapter 8. This inappropriate use is the more mystifying because a broad selection of suitable shellfish RMs from various producers is available. 

Mattson S, Christoffersson JO, Jonson R, et al. 1987. X-ray fluorescence technique for in vivo analysis of "natural" and administered trace elements. In Elis, Yasumuru, Morgan, eds. In vivo body composition studies. New York, NY Brookhaven National Laboratory, The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine. 

After iron, zinc is the second most abundant trace element in the human body an average adult has 3 g of Zn, corresponding to a concentration of about 0.6 mM. Some 95% of zinc is intracellular. It is essential for growth and development in all forms of life, and has been proposed to have beneficial therapeutic and preventative effects on infectious diseases, including a shortening of the length of the common cold in man. 

The concentrations of trace elements in the fruiting bodies of fungi are primarily species-dependent. The concentrations were found to depend on the physiology of... 

Selenium is an essential trace element in the human body. This nutrient is an important part of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells against the effects of free radicals that are produced during normal oxygen metabolism. Selenium is also essential for normal functioning of immune system and thyroid gland. 

As a result of the well-documented environmental concerns posed by coal combustion, and the disposal of CCPs, a large body of research has focused on characterizing the mechanisms of mobilization and attenuation of trace elements in coal and its ash. Based on their reported distribution in the solid phases of both source coals and coal ash, knowledge of the thermal transformations that occur to major mineral constituents during coal combustion, and a limited number of studies that have identified discrete solid phases of trace elements, a conceptual model of the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of trace elements in coal ash has been developed. 

Toulsen et al. (1994) appear to use the term reference interval as synonymous with reference range. In a paper titled Trace element reference values. . . , the authors emphasize that knowledge of the reference intervals (baseline data) for the trace elements in human body fluids and tissues is of paramount importance. ... 

Zinc sulfate (ZnS04) was reportedly used by the Dutch physician Sylvius de le Boe (1614-1672) as an emetic (induces vomiting). Thereafter, zinc sulfate was widely used whenever it was necessary to empty a patient s stomach. The rapid onset of zinc sulfate made it more desirable than other treatments. Today, zinc sulfate is sometimes used in small quantities to treat a deficiency of zinc, a required trace element in the body.1... 

Yukawa M, Suzuki-Yasumoto M, Amano K, et al. 1980. Distribution of trace elements in the human body determined by neutron activation analysis. Arch Environ Health 35 36-44. 

VersieckJ. 1985. Trace elements in human body fluids and tissues. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 22 97-184. 

Elemental analysis of body tissues and fluids by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation has advanced significantly the understanding of the role of trace elements in clinical biochemistry. All of those aspects of metabolic processes that are affected by changes in the concentrations of accessible trace elements have been studied. These include deficiencies of essential trace elements as a result of inherited or acquired metabolic disorders, or from nutritional inadequacy and excesses of trace elements producing toxicity states as a result of inherited metabolic disorders involving essential trace elements or from the inappropriate exposure to, or ingestion of, non-essential trace elements. 

CONCENTRATION FACTORS FROM TRACE ELEMENTS IN DRIED AND ASHED ORGANS AND BODY FLUIDS (I.C.R.P.-23 REPORT, [32])... 

Two important factors are suggested by this model. First, the concentration of a trace element in a particular mineral (like talc) formed in this manner depends upon many factors including the size and charge of the ion (which eflFect the partition coefficient), the composition of the aqueous solution, the minerals present in the intrusive (determines D ), and the time or extent of reaction. Since talcose rocks of similar composition can be formed by various different processes, the differences in any of the factors noted above would result in different trace element contents. Second, since the assumption that the partition coefficients for antigorite, talc, and tremolite are similar appears to be true, one would expect their trace element contents to be similar. This means that a series of soapstone samples collected from a particular geologic body might contain different amounts of these minerals but that they all would probably be very similar in trace element content despite differences in the bulk element composition of the samples. 

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