Toxicity of trace elements

Dwyer, R.J., Burch, S.A., Ingersoll, C.G. and Hunn, J.B. (1992) Toxicity of trace element and salinity mixtures to striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and Daphnia magna, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11, 513-520. 

Tl, V, and Zn are present in the aquatic environment as a result of the weathering of rocks and soils (surface and ground waters) and of industrial waste water discharges and mining activities. The toxicity of trace elements in water depends on their concentration and oxidation state (Cr or As). 

More immediate goals differ from one scientific discipline to another. One goal of which I am most aware is the prediction of the role of aqueous speciation on the bioavailability and toxicity of trace elements to plankton and estuarine detritusfeeding invertebrates. In the longer range, these studies would be extended to include the various aquatic organisms higher in the... 

Zitko, V. Structure-activity relationships and the toxicity of trace elements to aquatic biota, p. 9-33 Andrew,... 

Tab. 3.3 Chronological observation providing evidence of essentiality and toxicity of trace elements... 

Elements usually interact as constituents of macromolecules (proteins, enzymes, hormones, etc.) or according to their oxidation state. Thus, only problem-related speciation analysis promises to become a key for useful risk assessment of elements in the environment. Also activities such as diagnosis and therapy, as well as the depletion of trace elements, optimum levels of essential elements or toxicity of trace elements, will be estimated more reliably. 

Stohs, S.J., D. Bagchi and M. Bagchi Toxicity of trace elements in tobacco smoke Inhalation Toxicol. 9 (1997) 867-890. 

In light of the essentiality of trace elements in adequate dietary intakes on one side and the toxicity of trace elements in high-level intakes on the other side, there should be a set of rules for physiological benefit and safe intakes of trace elements. Table 29.2 shows the UL for selected elements suggested for the United States and Australia. 

G. Nordberg, B. SandstrSm, G. Becking and R.A. Goyer, Essentiality and Toxicity of Trace Elements Principles and Methods for Assessment of Risk from Human Exposure to Essential Trace Elements. Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine. Vol. 13,2000,141-153. 

Fraga CG (2005) Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Mol Asp Med 26 235-244... 

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