Toxicology chemical carcinogens

Keywords Alternative methods, Chemical carcinogenicity, Mixtures, Toxicological profile... 

Models for determining the dose-response relationship vary based upon the type of toxicological hazard. In the dose-response for chemical carcinogens, it is frequently assumed that no threshold level of exposure (an exposure below which no effects would occur) exists, and, therefore, any level of exposure leads to some finite level of risk. As a practical matter, cancer risks of below one excess cancer per million members of the population exposed (1 x 10 ), when calculated using conservative (risk exaggerating) methods, are considered to represent a reasonable certainty of no harm (Winter and Francis, 1997). 

G.M. Williams u. J.H. Weisburger, Chemical Carcinogens in C.D. Klaassen, M.O. Amdur u. J. Doull, Casarett and Doull s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons (3.), S. 115 f., MacMillan Publishing Company, New York 1986. 

Provides toxicology data for more than 130,000 chemicals in four categories substance identification toxicity/biomedical effects toxicology and carcinogenicity review and exposure standards and regulations. Built and maintained by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a segment of the Toxic Release Inventory database. Available online, CD-ROM and computer tape from NIOSH and from commercial database vendors. 

Simmon, VF. (1979b) In vitro assays for recombinogenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D3. J. natl Cancer Inst., 62, 901-909 Speck, WT. Rosenkranz, H.S. (1976) Mutagenicity of azathioprine. Cancer Res.. 36, 108-109 United States National Toxicology Program (1988) NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and... 

Casto, B.C. (1981) Detection of chemical carcinogens and mutagens in hamster cells by enhancement of adenovirus transformation. In Mishra, N., Dunkel, V. Mehlman, I., eds, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 1, Princeton, NJ, Senate Press, pp. 241-271... 

Toxicological or carcinogenic effects have not been detected in rats receiving up to 5% chromium(III) oxide in their feed [3.70] nor in medical studies performed in chemical plants producing chromium(III) oxide and chromium(III) sulfate [3.71], The oral LD50 for chromium(III) oxide in the rat is > 10000 mg/kg it does not irritate the skin or mucous membranes. 

McClain RM, Keller D, Casciano D, Fu P, MacDonald J, Popp J, Sagartz J (2001) Neonatal mouse model review of methods and results. Toxicologic Pathology 29 128-137 Pietra G, Spencer A, Shubik P (1959) Response of newly born mice to a chemical carcinogen. Nature 183 1689... 

Specific temperatures for the incineration of all known or suspected chemical carcinogens have not been determined. Work conducted at the National Center for Toxicological Research Laboratories (NCTRL), Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079 has shown that 2-Acetylaminofluorene may be... 

Go to http //chemistry.brookscole.com/skoogfac/. From the Chapter Resources menu, choose Web Works. Locate the Chapter 20 section, and click on the link to the Cornell University MSDS Web site. Locate and read the USDS for potassium dichromate and explore its chemical, toxicological, and carcinogenic properties. What are the usual signs and symptoms of overexposure What first aid procedures are suggested ... 

Jameson, C.W., and Goehl, T.J. Chemistry requirements for toxicological and carcinogenicity evaluation of chemicals. In Milman,... 

De Bruin A. 1976. Metabolism of chemical carcinogens and their interactions with macromolecules. In Biochemical toxicology of environmental agents. Amsterdam, Netherlands ... 

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