GREEN CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY

The principles of green chemistry have closely been related to the field of toxicology since the concepts were first articulated in the early 1990s. At least three of the 12 principles of green chemistry involve either human health issues or environmental toxicity and risk identification [1], These are  

Principle 3. Whenever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess fittle or no toxicity to human health and the environment. An assumption is made that hazards of specific chemicals can be defined a priori. 

Principle 4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity. An assnmption is made that levels of exposures of specific chemicals can be correlated to developing health issues or environmental problems. Additionally, it is assnmed that chemicals of concern with known or suspected hazard traits can be identified and the levels in products then related to potential health or environmental issues. This is highlighted in a case study on safer consnmer prodncts (see Section 11.6.2). 

Principle 11. Analytical methodologies need to be developed further to allow for real-time, in process, and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. This principle is especially relevant as interpreted today for toxicology becanse it can be viewed as defining emerging technologies that are changing the approaches used in toxicological hazard identification and risk assessment [2]. 

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Construct a flow diagram that relates environmental science, environmental chemistry, aquatic chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, green chemistry, and toxicological chemistry in a hierarchical form that shows their relationships to each other. 

What are the new factors in the area of green chemistry and solvent design We must view the problem from the perspective of environmental toxicology. In table 1.2... 

SEC SGC of MSU was created in 2006 to implement the concept of green chemistry in the body of chemistry education in MSU. Previously, the elements of green chemistry approaches were ineluded into ecological courses, such as Risk Assessment provided at the Department of Chemical Engineering, or Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, provided at the Department of Organic Chemistry. 

Since one of the main aims of green chemistry is to reduce the use and/or production of toxic chemicals, it is important for practitioners to be able to make informed decisions about the inherent toxicity of a compound. Where sufficient ecotoxicological data have been generated and risk assessments performed, this can allow for the selection of less toxic options, such as in the case of some surfactants and solvents [94, 95]. When toxicological data are limited, for example, in the development of new pharmaceuticals (see Section 15.4.3) or other consumer products, there are several ways in which information available from other chemicals may be helpful to estimate effect measures for a compound where data are lacking. Of these, the most likely to be used are the structure-activity relationships (SARs, or QSARs when they are quantitative). These relationships are also used to predict chemical properties and behavior (see Chapter 16). There often are similarities in toxicity between chemicals that have related structures and/or functional subunits. Such relationships can be seen in the progressive change in toxicity and are described in QSARs. When several chemicals with similar structures have been tested, the measured effects can be mathematically related to chemical structure [96-98] and QSAR models used to predict the toxicity of substances with similar structure. Any new chemicals that have similar structures can then be assumed to elicit similar responses. 

DeVito, S.C. 1996. General Principles for the Design of Safer Chemicals, Toxicological Considertions for Chemist. In S.C. DeVito and R.L. Garrett, Eds., Designing Safer Chemicals Green Chemistry for Pollution Prevention, ACS Symposium series 640, pp 16-59. American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. 

What is green chemistry How does it relate to industrial ecology and toxicological chemistry ... 

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