Toxicity genotoxicity

ACD/Tox Suite is a collection of software modules that predict probabilities for basic toxicity endpoints. Predictions are made from chemical structure and based upon large validated databases and QSAR models, in combination with expert knowledge of organic chemistry and toxicology. ToxSuite modules for Acute Toxicity, Genotoxicity, Skin Irritation, and Aquatic Toxicity have been used. 

A full set of studies normally includes short-term and long-term animal studies on chronic effects and potential carcinogenicity, studies on reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, kinetics and metabolism, pharmacological properties and special studies depending on the characteristics of the substance and observation in the standard set of studies. Human clinical studies may be necessary for substances which are metabolised and may interfere with functions of the human body. 

DEREK Expert system for the prediction of toxicity (genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitization, etc.)... 

A summary should be given of, or references to, animal studies or studies on humans that show low general toxicity and no relevant reproductive toxicity, genotoxic or carcinogenic properties relevant to the experience/exposure of the product. 

Reactive chemicals or their reactive intermediates, such as free radicals and other electrophilic species, may form essentially irreversible covalent bonds with adjacent macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, resulting in the formation of adducts. Covalent adducts can disrupt the normal function of such macromolecules and result in a broad spectrum of toxic responses. These may range from localized transient skin irritation to systemic target organ toxicity (such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and renal toxicity), genotoxicity, or carcinogenicity. 

MIC is used in industry as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of polyurethane foams, plastics, adhesives, coating materials, pesticides, and paints.30 Humans exposed to MIC developed cardiovascular toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and biochemical changes.31-34... 

Body Contact (see 4.1) Contact Duration A Limited (24 h) B Prolonged (24 h to 30 days) C Permanent (>30 days) Cytotoxicity Sensitization Irritation or Intracutaneous Reactivity System Toxicity (Acute) Subchronic toxicity (Subacute Toxicity) Genotoxicity Implantation Haemocompatibility... 

The details of several other toxicological tests (namely, repeated-dose toxicity, subchronic toxicity, chronic toxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and ecotoxicology) and the methods, purposes, and importance of safety evaluation studies to achieve human health have been discussed... 

Sub-chronic Toxicity Genotoxicity Ancillary Pharmacology Early PK in Animals Formulation Development IND... 

Biological recognition elements are chosen because they are able to identify a category of toxic effect such as cellular toxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity or endocrine disruption. Table 3.4.3 shows some examples of biomolecular recognition systems used in biosensors and bioassays for environmental monitoring (based on Bilitewski et al., 2000 Brenner-WeiB and Obst, 2003). 

Ouedraogo M, Baudoux T, Stevigny C, Nortier J, Colet JM, Efferth T, Qu F, Zhou J, Chan K, Shaw D et al (2012) Review of current and omics methods for assessing the toxicity (genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity) of herbal medicines and mushrooms. J Ethnopharmacol 140(3) 492-512... 

Single dose Repeated dose Carcinogenicity Special studies (such as irritancy and sensitization) Reproductive toxicity Genotoxicity (mutagenicity)... 

The health-effects data on JP-8 and related fuels were reviewed for the following end points respiratory tract toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. JP-8 was found to be potentially toxic to the immune system, respiratory tract, and nervous system at exposure concentrations near the interim PEL of350 mg/m3. Those toxicides are summarized below. 

Read-across (or SAR) can be readily understood by visualising a grid with chemical substances along one axis and toxic endpoints the other. If the chemicals are structurally related by virtue of all having acrylate groups—methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, and n-butyl acrylate—the second axis would include acute oral and dermal toxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and aquatic toxicity. If two or three of the structurally related chemicals have the same toxicity profile, then one could extrapolate these results... 

Sampling and analytical methods for the collection and measurement of different size classes of PM as well as of particle-bound metals, organic compounds, and other substances are a major issue of the present book. Routine air monitoring networks based on physico-chemical measurements provide continuously data on ambient PMio and PM2.5 concentrations, but in most cases do not inform about the chemical composition of the dust load. If trace compounds of PM are monitored at aU, such measurements are restricted to few components. Hence, knowledge about the chemical composition of PM, the local and regional distribution of airborne particle-bound substances and their toxic, genotoxic and ecotoxic potential is still very limited. Moreover, data on atmospheric pollutant concentrations do not permit to draw conclusions on possible adverse effects on human beings and ecosystems as their sensitivity to air pollution is influenced by many abiotic and biotic factors. 

Intracutaneous reactivity Systemic toxicity (acute) Subacute/subchronic toxicity Genotoxicity Implantation Hemocompatibility Chronic toxicity Carcinogenicity Reproductive toxicity Biodegradation Toxicokinetics Immunotoxicity... 

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