Toxicity studies genotoxicity

Second, meanwhile, no international guidelines have been provided for the manufacture, marketing, and distribution of household insecticides on such a level as those of agricultural chemicals, and not even manufacturing registration is required in some countries. Of course, the minimal required toxicity studies are conducted with synthetic pyrethroids for household insecticides to examine absorption, distribution, metabolism, and genotoxicity in animals. 

Genotoxicity is one of the most important characteristics of toxic compounds in waste. For studying genotoxicity of waste, contaminated soil, sewage sludge, and sediments the conventional Ames test with Salmonella is usually used together with SOS-Chromotest and Mutatox [11,19,50-52,165-167]. 

A pragmatic approach carry out limited toxicity studies, e.g., one 4-week rat study and one screening assay for genotoxicity with the defined mixture of (ten) priority chemicals, using exposure concentrations, e.g., 3-10 times higher than those occurring in the complex mixture... 

As shown in Figure 2-4, there is a considerable body of data on the health effects of carbon tetrachloride in humans, especially following acute oral or inhalation exposures. Although many of the available reports lack quantitative information on exposure levels, the data are sufficient to derive approximate values for safe exposure levels. There is limited information on the effects of intermediate or chronic inhalation exposure in the workplace, but there are essentially no data on longer-term oral exposure of humans to carbon tetrachloride, most toxicity studies have focuses on the main systemic effects of obvious clinical significance (hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, central nervous system depression). There are data on the effects of carbon tetrachloride on the immune system, but there are no reports that establish whether or not developmental, reproductive, genotoxic, or carcinogenic effects occur in humans exposed to carbon tetrachloride. 

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