Toxicity testing genotoxicity

Humans are susceptible to the acute toxic effects of 1,2-dibromoethane from various routes of exposure. Except for adverse reproductive effects in men after occupational exposure, chronic effects of 1,2-dibromoethane exposure have not been documented in humans. Based on data derived from animal studies, mechanisms of action of 1,2-dibromoethane at a cellular level, toxicokinetics, and genotoxicity tests, there is a potential for certain adverse health effects in humans exposed chronically to low environmental levels of 1,2-dibromoethane that could exist near hazardous waste sites or areas of former agricultural use. 

Environment Canada recently developed an evaluation system based on effluent toxicity testing, capable of ranking the environmental hazards of industrial effluents [185]. This so-called Potential Ecotoxic Effects Probe (PEEP) incorporates the results of a variety of small-scale toxicity tests into one relative toxicity index to prioritize effluents for sanitation. In the index no allowance has been made for in-stream dilution, therefore the acmal risk for environmental effects is not modeled. The tests performed on each effluent are the following bacterial assay [V.fisheri (P. phosphoreum), Microtox], microalgal assay S. capricornutum) crustacean assay (C. dubiay, and bacterial genotoxicity test E. coli, SOS-test). 

Cumene was not a developmental toxicant in either rats or rabbits after exposure to levels (1200 ppm and 2 3 00 ppm, respectively) associated with maternal toxicity. Most genotoxic tests with cumene have been negative. ... 

Limited carcinogenicity data for chlorine dioxide and chlorite do not indicate a particular cancer concern, but adequate animal cancer bioassays have not been performed. Genotoxicity testing has produced mixed results. Chlorine dioxide and chlorite do not appear to be reproductive toxicants. 

Kelly CM, DeMerlis CC, Schoneker DR, Borzelleca JF. Subchronic toxicity study in rats and genotoxicity tests with polyvinyl alcohol. Food Chem Toxicol 2003 41 (5) 719—727. 

Seven different tests were used including two genotoxicity tests. Tables 2 and 3 summarize these tests. A more precise description is beyond the scope of this chapter. Among these toxicity tests, most are well known and routinely performed in laboratories. A more difficult one is that using C. dubia since it implies the... 

The need for an appropriate battery of genotoxicity tests is also important and cannot be compensated or replaced by toxicity tests since the variables are clearly independent. Further research, especially on genotoxicity tests with eukaryotes, applied to effluents, should be encouraged. 

As we can see from Table 5.1, REACH results in a reduction of test requirements for new substances and an increase in the requirements for existing substances. Data sufficient for classifying according to acute toxicity, skin and eye irritation, and aquatic toxicity are now required for substances with production volumes above 10 t. Data sufficient to classify according to chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity are not routinely required for any of the tonnage bands, but can be required case-by-case based on initial genotoxicity tests or for substances with a yearly production above 1,000 t. 

The details of several other toxicological tests (namely, repeated-dose toxicity, subchronic toxicity, chronic toxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and ecotoxicology) and the methods, purposes, and importance of safety evaluation studies to achieve human health have been discussed... 

Hair dyes (for example henna, paraphenylenediamine, and paratoluenediamine) have been reviewed (1). They have moderate to low acute toxicity. Poisoning is rare and occurs only after oral ingestion. Contact sensitization usually occurs from unprotected professional exposure, but the prevalence has stabilized or fallen over the years. In vitro genotoxicity tests of hair dye ingredients have often been positive, but the relation to in vivo... 

Toxicity of this compound is considered low. Not carcinogenic, with negative to weak results in genotoxicity tests, but does cause reproductive/blood effects. Acute oral (LD50) 350-507 mg/kg [Rat], Acute Dermal (LD50) >2000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. 

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