Torula

Torsional Braid Analyzf Torsional pendulum Tortoiseshell Torulaspora rosei Torula yeast... 

Table 5 presents typical operating conditions and cell production values for commercial-scale yeast-based SCP processes including (63) Saccharomjces cerevisae ie, primary yeast from molasses Candida utilis ie, Torula yeast, from papermiU. wastes, glucose, or sucrose and Klujveromjces marxianus var fragilis ie, fragihs yeast, from cheese whey or cheese whey permeate. AH of these products have been cleared for food use in the United States by the Food and Dmg Administration (77). 

Commonly called Pmteen. Commonly called Topriaa. Commonly called Torula. Commonly called Myco-proteia. 

Type B Torula Dried Yeast, Lake States Yeast, Rinelander, Wis., 1986. 

Other workers including Jakubowski et. al. (1983) have found many different yeast and mould contaminants comprising most of the well known biodeteriogenic species such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, Saccharomyces and Torula. In addition, the author has also isolated Rhodotorula and Sporobolornyces on a number of occasions. 

The specificity of levansucrase98 is dependent not only on the d-fructoside but also on the aldoside residue of the substrate. Neither inulin nor methyl D-fructofuranoside was hydrolyzed by levansucrase, and even when these two substrates were hydrolyzed by inulase (prepared from inulin-fermenting Torula yeast) or by yeast invertase respectively, no levan formation occurred with levansucrase. However, neither methyl D-fructofuranoside nor inulin inhibited levan formation from sucrose by levansucrase. No levan was formed from potassium D-glucose... 

Provesteen A microbiological process for making single-cell protein from methanol, ethanol, or whey, developed in the 1980s by Provesta Corporation, a subsidiary of Phillips Petroleum Company. The basis of the process is a special high cell-density fermenter, which simplifies the isolation of the product from the water. The organism is the torula yeast the intended products are speciality flavor enhancers, a high fiber food bar, a food supplement... 

J. G. Joshi, P. Handler, Purification and Properties of Nicotinamidase from Torula cremoris , J. Biol. Chem. 1962, 237, 929-935. 

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (from Torula yeast) suspension Activity 520 Units/mg protein, Sigma (Lot 13H80602), USA... 

A strain of Torula utilis has been acclimatized by continuous transfer so that it gives high yields by either batch or continuous fermentation in a series of tanks. Fig. 6 shows the improvement in alcohol production in a continuous fermentation with Torula utilis No. 3, a strain of yeast obtained from the University of Wisconsin. 

Fig. 6.—Continuous fermentations of wood hydrolyzates by Torula utilis in six ten-gallon tanks.

In the growing of food yeast on wood sugar, one of the most difficult problems is that of foaming. This difficulty has been largely overcome by a fermenter designed for use in the production of yeast from sulfite waste liquor in the Waldhof plant at Mannheim. A modification of the fermenter was used for the continuous production of yeast on wood sugars in America. Fermentation periods of 2.6 to 3 hours were obtained with a strain of Torula utilis. Yields were 38 to 49% of the total sugar. 

B. D. David, TIIC Report, Manufacture of Torula Food Yeast from Sulfite Liquor, Zellstofi-fabrik, Waldhof, May 23, 1945. 

In Russia, a popular milk drink traditionally made from unpasteurized mare s milk is known as kumiss. The fermentation is caused principally by L. bulgaricus, lactose-fermenting Torula yeasts, and Lactobacillus leichmannii. 

Lactose-fermenting yeasts have been known for some time, but their use to produce ethyl alcohol and yeast from whey received serious attention only much later. Certain Torula species yield more alcohol than might have been expected from statements in the literature. Four kefir yeasts, two Torula species, one of Torulopsis and one additional yeast species, produced alcohol yielding 68 to 80% of the theoretical quantity. A maximal yield, 80.3%, based on a theoretical yield of 4 moles of alcohol per mole of lactose fermented, was obtained with a strain of Torula cremoris in a 21.7-hr fermentation at 30 to 32°C (Marth 1974). 

Biotin acts as a carboxyl group carrier in a series of carboxylation reactions, a function originally suggested by the fact that aspartate partially replaces biotin in promoting the growth of the yeast Torula cremonis. Aspartate was known to arise by transamination from oxaloacetate, which in turn could be formed by carboxylation of pyruvate. Subsequent studies showed that biotin was needed for an enzymatic ATP-dependent reaction of pyruvate with bicarbonate ion to form oxaloacetate (Eq. 14-3). This is a (3 carboxylation coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. 

Knowing that carbon monoxide complexes of hemes are dissociated by light, Warburg and Negelein, in 1928, determined the photochemical action spectrum (see Chapter 23) for reversal of the carbon monoxide inhibition of respiration of the yeast Torula utilis. The spectrum closely resembled the absorption spectrum of known heme derivatives (Fig. 16-7). Thus, it was proposed that 02, as well as CO, combines with the iron of the heme group in the Atmungsferment. 

Chromium was proposed as an essential element after the observation that rats fed with Torula yeast developed impaired glucose tolerance.1085 The active ingredient in other yeasts was suggested to be a chromium complex, named the glucose-tolerance factor . Brewers yeast contains chromium in the range 0.35-5.4 xgg-1.1086... 

Animals and Diets. Post-weanling male Long-Evans Hooded rats (Charles Rivers Laboratory, Wilmington, MA) weighing approximately 50g were fed on chemically defined, purified diets for a minimum of 5 weeks. The torula yeast-based diets were formulated to provide adequate amounts of all known nutrients except vitamin E and Se. The composition of diet was 300.Og torula yeast 3.0g D,L-Methionine 40.Og cellulose 10.Og vitamin mixture (minus tocopherol) as formulated by Harper (23)5 2.1g choline chloride (70 ) 40g mineral mixture (USPXVII Salt Mixture) 100.0g tocopherol-stripped corn oil 60.Og tocopherol-stripped lard ... 

Adapted from Schrauzer et al., 1980 (55). Female virgin C H/St mice were fed a Torula yeast diet supplemented with selenium yeast as indicated above from weaning until death. In some mice reaching 13.8 months of age the diet was switched as indicated. Means not sharing a common superscript letter differ significantly. 

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