Torula utilis

A strain of Torula utilis has been acclimatized by continuous transfer so that it gives high yields by either batch or continuous fermentation in a series of tanks. Fig. 6 shows the improvement in alcohol production in a continuous fermentation with Torula utilis No. 3, a strain of yeast obtained from the University of Wisconsin. 

Fig. 6.—Continuous fermentations of wood hydrolyzates by Torula utilis in six ten-gallon tanks.

In the growing of food yeast on wood sugar, one of the most difficult problems is that of foaming. This difficulty has been largely overcome by a fermenter designed for use in the production of yeast from sulfite waste liquor in the Waldhof plant at Mannheim. A modification of the fermenter was used for the continuous production of yeast on wood sugars in America. Fermentation periods of 2.6 to 3 hours were obtained with a strain of Torula utilis. Yields were 38 to 49% of the total sugar. 

Knowing that carbon monoxide complexes of hemes are dissociated by light, Warburg and Negelein, in 1928, determined the photochemical action spectrum (see Chapter 23) for reversal of the carbon monoxide inhibition of respiration of the yeast Torula utilis. The spectrum closely resembled the absorption spectrum of known heme derivatives (Fig. 16-7). Thus, it was proposed that 02, as well as CO, combines with the iron of the heme group in the Atmungsferment. 

The information given in this Chapter is based chiefly on studies with relatively few kinds of yeast, the most popular of which have been Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum (synonymous with Saccharomyces carlsbergensis), Candida utilis (that is, Torulopsis or Torula utilis), and Kluyveromyces (Saccharomyces) fragilis.91... 

Fe-enriched cytochrome c from Torula utilis yeast strain 321 has been similarly examined at low temperatures, and the S = i oxidised form is basically similar to haemoglobin cyanide [22]. Spectrum simulation using the e.s.r. g-values for horse-heart cytochrome c was partially successful. The applied-field technique gave a positive value for e qQ in the S = 0 iron(II) cytochrome c, with an asymmetry parameter of rj 0-5,... 

Figures 17 and 18 show the results of Herbert (H8) on continuous propagation of Aerobacter aerogenes and the yeast Torula utilis. Herbert states that, in both cases, the critical holding times agree well with values computed from results of batch experiments. At long holding times, however, there is considerable discrepancy from theory in the declining steady-state cell concentration.

Fig. 18. Herbert s data (H8) on growth in continuous culture Torula utilis in glucose medium. Replotted from p. 48 of Continuous Culture of Microorganisms A Symposium, by permission of the Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.

A nitrogen mustard derivative of barbituric acid has been reported without antitumour data [206]. 5-Diazobarbituric anhydride (XLVI) has been found to be amoebicidal at 0-001 mg/ml vs. Endamoeba histolytica [207]. The inhibition is reversed by nucleotides, but not by the bases or nucleosides. It had previously been found that (XLVI) is a cytosine antagonist in the yeasts, Torula utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen [208]. This compound is prepared by the action of nitrous and nitric acids on 5-aminouracil-6-sulphonic acid [209], and as a cyclic derivative of a barbituric acid, it has quite different properties from the pyrimidinetriones. 

CeHiA 182.173 Occurs in various mannas such as Melampyrum nemorosum, Gymnosporia diflexa and Maylenus ebenifolia. Also present in Evonymus atropurpureus, in seaweeds and in the pentose fermenting yeast Torula utilis. Shows some antitumour elfect. 

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