TOPICAL tissue

Menzies, D. and EUis, H., Intra-abdominal adhesions and their prevention by topical tissue plasminogen activator,. R. Soc. Med., 82, 534, 1989. 

Cyanoacrylate adhesives n. alkyl -2-cyano-crylates polymerize rapidly via anionic initiation in the presence of weak bases (water, alcohol) at ambient temperatures highly exothermic reaction yielding brittle polymers very useful for quickly setting anaerobic adhesives also useful for suture less topical tissue adhesives (e.g.. Derma-bond ) and industrial grades are commonly known as super glue . 

It is well known that the extent of topical tissue damage produced by a series of surface active compounds are in parallel with their in vitro hemolytic activities (9,10) Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the muscular tissue toxicity of amphiphatic CPZ occurs mainly through the membrane disruption of the muscular tissues. Recently, we reported that 3-CyD significantly protected the human erythrocytes against the membrane disruption elicited by the penetration of CPZ molecules into the cytoplasmic leaflet of the bilayer ( ). Therefore, the reduction in the muscular tissue toxicity of CPZ by 3-CyD may be explained by decrease in the affinity of CPZ to the tissue... 

Octylcyanoacrylate is a medical grade topical tissue adhesive that has been approved for closing surgical incisions and traumatic lacerations. We reviewed animal and human studies that evaluated its use fora variety of surgical indications and specialties. We also performed a meta-analysis of all clinical trials using octylcyanoacrylate. Data sources ... 

Raleigh, NC 27616, USA Product TOPICAL TISSUE ADHESIVE Proprietary Device Name DERMABOND TOPICAL SKIN ADHESIVE Website http //www.closuremed.com... 

Source Compiled from Cammann, K. Working with ion-Seiective Eiectrodes. Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1977 and Lunte, C. E. Heineman, W. R. "Electrochemical Techniques in Bioanalysis." In Steckham, E., ed. Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 143, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1988, p. 8. - Abbreviations E = enzyme B = bacterial particle T = tissue. 

A clinical trial to evaluate misoprostol as a protector of normal tissue during a course of XRT in cancer patients suggests a reduction in acute normal tissue injury (215). A randomized, prospective, double-blind study indicates that topical misoprostol, administered as an oral rinse 15-20 min before irradiation using conventional 2-Gy (200 rad) fractions, five days a week over 6—7 weeks, significantly protects the oral mucosa from radiomucositis, a frequently observed normal tissue complication during XRT for head and neck cancer (215). 

Antiseptic. An antiseptic is a chemical substance that prevents or inhibits the action or growth of microorganisms but may not necessarily kill them, and is used topically on living tissue. The distinction between a disinfectant and an antiseptic is that the former is expected to kill all vegetative cells and is used only on inanimate objects, whereas the latter may not kill all cells and is used on the body. 

Compounds in animal diets can exert their effects in the gastrointestinal tract or after absorption through the gut epithelial tissue into the bloodstream, or both. On some occasions the administered compounds may be applied topically (Table 1). 

At present there is only one commercially available tissue adhesive with approved on-label indications for skin closure. 2-Octyl-cyanoacrylate (Dermabond, Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ) is presently indicated for skin closure in wounds which are not under extreme tension. This tissue adhesive is approved for topical skin application only. It is not indicated for internal use. The material is useful in closing traumatic skin lacerations [4,5] after wounds have been thoroughly cleaned as well as for minimally invasive surgical incisions and even larger surgical incisions in elective cases. The cyanoacrylate is applied while the skin... 

As new compounds, very limited research has been done to evaluate the biological effects of ionic liquids. The topical effect of [EMIM]C1/A1C13 melts and [EMIMjCl on the integument of laboratory rat has been investigated. The study reports that [EMIMjCl is not in itself responsible for tissue damage. However, the chloroaluminate salt can induce tissue irritation, inflammation, and necrosis, due to the presence of aluminium chloride. However, treatments for aluminium chloride and hydrochloric acid are well documented. This study needs to be expanded to the other ionic liquids, and their toxicity need to be investigated [46]. 

Promoting an Optimal Response to Therapy The glucocorticoids may be administered orally, IM, SC, IV, topically, or as an inhalant. The primary health care provider may also inject the drag into a joint (intra-articular), a lesion (intralesional), soft tissue, or bursa The dosage of the drug is individualized and based on the severity of the condition and the patient s response. 

A topical enzyme aids in the removal of dead soft tissues by hastening the reduction of proteins into simpler substances. This is called proteolysis or a proteolytic action. The components of certain types of wounds, namely necrotic (dead) tissues and purulent exudates (pus-containing fluid), prevent proper wound healing. Removal of this type of debris by application of a topical enzyme aids in healing. Examples of conditions that may respond to application of a topical enzyme include second- and third-degree bums, pressure ulcers, and ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease An example of a topical enzyme is collagenase (Santyl). 

Obviously, if you wish to treat a skin condition or infection, a preparation that can be applied topically would be the preferred option. Similarly, inhalation would be the first choice if trying to treat a pulmonary or bronchial condition, such as asthma. Dermal application would also be the first choice for localized tissue treatments (e.g. muscle injury), provided that the drug can be absorbed through the skin. However, in most other situations it is necessary for drugs to enter the bloodstream in order for them to be transported to their site of action. This is most commonly achieved by ingestion, or by intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection when the oral route is not suitable. 

A number of articles considered the association of chitosan with polylactic acid or similar compounds [47-49] another group of articles presented new data on highly cationic chitosans [ 50 - 55]. More data have also been made available on the delivery of growth factors [56] and ophthalmic drugs [57,58], on the activation of the complement, macrophages [59-61] and fibroblasts [62], on mucoadhesion [63] and functionalization of chitin [64]. The development of new carriers for the delivery of drugs, and the interactions of chitosans with living tissues seem therefore to be major topics in the current research on chitosan. Therefore, this chapter will place emphasis on these aspects. 

Polyphosphazenes can be considered as biomaterials in several different ways, depending on the type of utilization one can predict for these substrates. In this regard, we will consider three different topics concerning water-soluble POPs and their hydrogels, bioerodible POPs for drug delivery systems and for tissue engineering, and the surface implications of POP films. 

This section gives an overview of the known or suggested physiological effects of phytoestrogens as well as their relevance in pathologies affecting different human tissues and organs. Topics covered are ... 

Celluloses (native or microcrystalline) are organic sorbents. They have a low specific surface area and are applied mainly in partition chromatography, especially for the separation of relatively polar compounds. Works on the topic include those by Whitton and coworkers [8], who examined biosynthetic pathways for the formation of taurine in vertebrates. Taurine and its precursor amino acids were extracted from tissues, and the purified supernatant was spotted onto cellulose plates. The... 

M. S. Determination of the effect of lipophilidty on the in vitro permeability and tissue reservoir charaderistics of topically applied solutes in human skin layers. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2003, 120, 759-764. 

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