Tissues acids

Srivastava, D.K. and K.C. Pandey. 1982. Effect of copper on tissue acid and alkaline phosphatases in the green snakehead, Ophiocephalus punctatus (Bloch). Toxicol. Lett. 11 237-241. 

Blood or tissue Acid digestion in 3 1 1 (v/v/v) HN03 HCL04 H2S04 ICP-AES NIOSH 8005 10 pg/kg blood 0.2 pg/g tissue 86% in blood NIOSH 1994b... 

For efficient extraction of macrolide and lincosamide residues from edible animal products, bound residues should be rendered soluble, most if not all of the proteins should be removed, and high recoveries for all analytes should be provided. Since tliese antibiotics do not strongly bind to proteins, many effective extraction methods have been reported. Sample extraction/deproteinization is usually accomplished by vortexing liquid samples or homogenizing semisolid samples with acetonitrile (136—139), acidified (136,140-142) orbasified acetonitrile (143), methanol (14, 144, 145), acidified (145-147) or basified methanol (148), chloroform (149-151), or dichloromethane under alkaline conditions (152). However, for extraction of sedecamycin, a neutral macrolide antibiotic, from swine tissues, use of ethyl acetate at acidic conditions has been suggested (153), while for lincomycin analysis in fish tissues, acidic buffer extraction followed by sodium tungstate deproteinization has been proposed (154). 

The plasmalogens represent an unusual type of glycerophosphatide that has been isolated from animal and plant tissues. Acid hydrolysis of these materials yields long-chain aldehydes and mono-acylated a-glycerophosphate. The long-chain aldehydes originate from vinyl ether structures. The vinyl ether group appears usually (if not always) in... 

Extensive research has established the relationship between the extent of distribution of compounds and their physicochemical properties. With this information, Vdss can be quite successfully predicted using in silico models [27-30], In silico prediction of distribution is based on physicochemical properties that relates to passive transmembrane diffusion and tissue binding, and it only predicts Vdss. The other factors that contribute to distribution, such as transporter-mediated distribution, were not taken into account. These algorithms are based on the assumption that all compounds will dissolve in intra- and extracellular tissue water, and the unionized portion will partition into the neutral lipids and neutral phospholipids located within tissue cells. For compounds categorized as a strong base (at least one basic group (p/fa >7), an additional mechanism of electrostatic interaction with tissue acidic phospholipids is incorporated. Acids and weak bases are assumed... 

Tissues Acid digestion dilution ICP-AES No data 113 NIOSH 1994... 

Maier and Grant (1970) extracted the fruit tissue-acid mixture, which was prepared as described in previous section, with chloroform. The chloroform extract was then evaporated to dryness and re-dissolved in acetonitrile. The acetonitrile sample was then spotted on silica gel TLC plates along with the appropriate standards, and developed in a benzene-ethanol-water-acetic acid solvent system (200 47 15 1, upper phase). 

An acid can be either strong (and easily eat aw some metals - for example, hydrochloric add or spirits of salts), or weak, for instance citric acid, which we eat in lemons. Strong acids are a threat to human tissue and metal structures, and even some weak acids like hydrofluoric acid, used for cleaning aluminium and building exteriors, are very toxic to body tissue. Acids are acids because they release so-called ions of the element l rdrogen. 

Fig. 3.8. Oxygen exchange by tissue sections of Opuntia basilaris as a function of tissue acidity, there is a trend toward oxygen consumption (data of S.Szarek and Ting, Plant Physiol. 54,...

Stimulus Tissue Acid hydrolase response Increase No change References... 

Glycolytic contribution to tissue acid-base homeostasis... 

H2N (CH2]5 NH2. a syrupy fuming liquid, b.p. 178-180 - C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Cadaverine is one of the ptomaines and is found, associated with pulrescine, in putrefying tissues, being formed by bacterial action from the amino-acid lysine. It is found in the urine in some cases of the congenital disease cystinuria. The free base is poisonous, but its salts are not. 

Trichloroethanoic acid, CCI3COOH. A crystalline solid which rapidly absorbs water vapour m.p. 58°C, b.p. 196-5" C. Manufactured by the action of chlorine on ethanoic acid at 160°C in the presence of red phosphorus, sulphur or iodine. It is decomposed into chloroform and carbon dioxide by boiling water. It is a much stronger acid than either the mono- or the dichloro-acids and has been used to extract alkaloids and ascorbic acid from plant and animal tissues. It is a precipitant for proteins and may be used to test for the presence of albumin in urine. The sodium salt is used as a selective weedkiller. 

C7H6O5. Colourless crystals with one molecule of water, m.p. 253" C, sparingly soluble in water and alcohol. It occurs free in woody tissue, in gall-nuts and in tea, and is a constituent of the tannins, from which it can be obtained by fermentation or by acid hydrolysis. It gives a blue-black colour with Fe and is used in the manufacture 6f inks. On heating it gives pyrogallol. 

C12H20O4. M.p. 165°C. A plant growth hormone, which is produced in damaged plant tissue, and on diffusing into adjacent intact tissue cells stimulates them to divide. Traumatic acid has been isolated from the pods of green beans. 

Although all the chiral ammo acids obtained from proteins have the l configura tion at their a carbon that should not be taken to mean that d ammo acids are unknown In fact quite a number of d ammo acids occur naturally d Alanine for example is a constituent of bacterial cell walls and d senne occurs m brain tissue The point is that D ammo acids are not constituents of proteins... 

Among the biochemical reactions that ammo acids undergo is decarboxylation to amines Decarboxylation of histidine for example gives histamine a powerful vasodila tor normally present m tissue and formed m excessive amounts under conditions of trau matic shock... 

Description of Method. Creatine is an organic acid found in muscle tissue that supplies energy for muscle contractions. One of its metabolic products is creatinine, which is excreted in urine. Because the concentration of creatinine in urine and serum is an important indication of renal function, rapid methods for its analysis are clinically important. In this method the rate of reaction between creatinine and picrate in an alkaline medium is used to determine the concentration of creatinine in urine. Under the conditions of the analysis, the reaction is first-order in picrate, creatinine, and hydroxide. 

Fats in animal tissue Fat substitutes Fatty acid... 

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