Tissue wasting

Engelen MP, et al. Different patterns of chronic tissue wasting among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chn Nutr 1999 18 275-280. 

When done sectioning, remove all tissue waste from the machine tissue. O.C.T. left in the cryostat will turn into a sticky mess if not removed after each use. Clean... 

When finished sectioning, remove all tissue waste from the machine tissue. 

Thiamine can accumulate in all cells of the body but there is no single specific storage site per se. The body does not store the vitamin and thus a daily supply is needed. Animal assays are used for determining the availability of thiamine in a food source. They are based on the effect of thiamine on the growth and evolution of diseases related to thiamine-lacking effects. Thiamine deficiency is associated with anorexia, tissue wasting, impaired cardiac function, weakness and neurological abnormalities, all of which are classical symptoms of beriberi. 

Often, individuals subjected to injuries, surgery, and/or infections have a depress food intake which may complicate the nutritive requirements. Once carbohydrate stores of energy (muscle and liver glycogen) are depleted usually within 24 hours energy must be provided by fat and protein stores. Amino acids from the catabolism—breakdown of skeletal muscle are an important energy source. If prolonged, this results in massive tissue wasting. 

Secondary Fiber. Increasing costs of taw fiber, legislative mandates for recycling (qv), and avadabdity of inexpensive waste papers have contfibuted to the increased use of recycled fibers. The use of secondary fiber in the United States has grown from 22% of pulp from all sources in 1978 to close to 31% (24 x 10 metric tons) in 1993 (3). Recycled fibers ate sometimes used in special writing papers, but the principal use is for the manufacture of linetboatd, newsprint, tissue, cereal boxes, towels, and molded paper products such as paper plates and egg cartons (see Packaging materials, containers AND INDUSTRIAL materials). 

Disinfectants are used in janitorial suppHes for hospitals and the home to treat toilet bowls, floors and walls in sick rooms, operating rooms, and wherever infective microorganisms are a problem. Instmments such as scalpels, scissors, catheters, and endoscopes used to invade tissues are treated with disinfectants, as are dental instmments. Laws require that hospital waste must be disinfected so that bacteria and vimses, such as the hepatitis vims and the AIDS vims, do not infect hospital workers and people in the community. 

Any waste material (and contaminated cloths, tissues, clothing etc.) must be rendered safe by chemical means or by controlled incineration of dilute solution where practical prior to disposal. 

Atrophy Atrophy is a wasting or decrease in size of a bodily organ, tissue, or part owing to disease, injury, or lack of use. You may have heard this term used in reference to accident or paralysis victims "his muscles atrophied because of nonuse." Exposure to certain chemicals can cause internal organs to degrade, weaken and decrease in size, particularly with chronic (long-term) exposure. 

FIGURE 5.13 Two basic types of biological transport are (a) transport within or between different cells or tissues and (b) transport into or out of cells. Proteins function in both of these phenomena. For example, the protein hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to actively respiring tissues. Transport proteins of the other type are localized in cellular membranes, where they function in the uptake of specific nutrients, such as glucose (shown here) and amino acids, or the export of metabolites and waste products. 

A diuretic is a drug that increases die secretion of urine (ie, water, electrolytes, and waste products) by die kidneys. Many conditions or diseases, such as heart failure, endocrine disturbances, and kidney and liver diseases can cause retention of excess fluid (edema). When die patient shows signs of excess fluid retention, die primary healdi care provider may order a diuretic. There are various types of diuretic drugs, and the primary healdi care provider selects the one that best suits die patient s needs and effectively reduces the amount of excess fluid in body tissues. 

Hypothermia—Indirect cryodestruction Metabolic uncoupling Energy deprivation Ionic imbalance Disruption of acid-base balance Waste accumulation Membrane phase transitions Cytoskeletal disassembly Frozen State—Direct cryodestruction Water solidification Hyperosmolality Cell-volume disruption Protein denaturation Tissue shearing Intracellular-ice propagation Membrane disruption Microvascular Thawed State Direct effects... 

PBPK models improve the pharmacokinetic extrapolations used in risk assessments that identify the maximal (i.e., the safe) levels for human exposure to chemical substances (Andersen and Krishnan 1994). PBPK models provide a scientifically sound means to predict the target tissue dose of chemicals in humans who are exposed to environmental levels (for example, levels that might occur at hazardous waste sites) based on the results of studies where doses were higher or were administered in different species. Figure 3-4 shows a conceptualized representation of a PBPK model. 

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