Endocrine disturbances

A diuretic is a drug that increases die secretion of urine (ie, water, electrolytes, and waste products) by die kidneys. Many conditions or diseases, such as heart failure, endocrine disturbances, and kidney and liver diseases can cause retention of excess fluid (edema). When die patient shows signs of excess fluid retention, die primary healdi care provider may order a diuretic. There are various types of diuretic drugs, and the primary healdi care provider selects the one that best suits die patient s needs and effectively reduces the amount of excess fluid in body tissues. 

A range of toxic effects including endocrine disturbances... 

By definition all hormones affect the behavior of their target cells. Examples of the interplay between endocrine disturbances and their biochemical consequences are provided by some of the diseases of the thyroid, which directly affects basal metabolic rate, and diabetes mellitus, where glucose metabolism is deranged. 

Endocrine disturbances which appear to be coincidentally related to the onset of the illness. 

Restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue, lassitude, insomnia, headache, confusion, dizziness, mental depression Extrapyrainidal Reactions Acute dystonic reactions. Parkinsonian-like symptoms Endocrine Disturbances... 

Excess iron can lead to diabetes mellitus, faulty liver functions, and endocrine disturbance. Iron is a catalyst for oxidative damage leading to lipid peroxidation. The latest hypotheses link peroxidation to heart disease, cancer, and accelerated aging. Iron is involved in the Fenton Reaction, which catalyzes the formation of free radicals that cause excessive damage to cells and their components. 

Myotonic dystrophy appears as a rather special case, since creatinuria is small or absent. In this disease it is thought that there is also a decrease in creatine synthesis, possibly due to an endocrine disturbance (see Zl). There is some indication that the same may be true of the hereditary myopathy in mice (P16). 

Effects 1. Increase NE sympathomimetic effect with increased heart rate and contractility, blood pressure changes, mydriasis, and central excitation, hyperactivity 2. Increase DA psychotic episodes, paranoia, hallucinations, possible dyskinesias, and endocrine disturbances 3. Increase 5HT behavioral changes, aggressiveness, dyskinesias, and decreased appetite... 

Carbon disulfide is widely used in production of rayon, carbon tetrachloride, rubber chemicals and cellulose film, and is a by-product of widely used dithiocarbamate pesticides. Chronic low level and long term exposure to CS2 can cause eye, ear, cardiovascular, nervous system and reproductive effects (Tan et al., 2001), (WHO Criteria 10, 1979), (Kaloyanova, 1981). There are scientific reports that the long term exposure to low concentrations of CS2 is related to endocrine disturbances as well (Lancranian I. et al., 1972) (Lyubomirova K. et al., 2006). Carbon disulfide is mostly used in viscose industry to yield sodium cellulose xanthate from alkali cellulose. (Tan et al., 2001). 

Chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) refer to the substitution of one or more hydrogen in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives by chlorine. COCs are widely used in the fields of chemistry, medicine, electronics, pesticides, etc. Many COCs are endocrine disturbance substances, show carcinogenic effects, and have been listed as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). When released into the environment, COCs are transported in both air and water. However, COCs are chemically stable and difficult to destroy, and they are eventually deposited in soils and sediments due to their hydrophobic-ity. Soils and sediments contaminated with COCs are long-term sources of pollutants and pose great threats to human health and ecosystems. Therefore, remediation of these contaminated soils and sediments is of great importance. 

Though less frequently sought, endocrine disturbances form an essential part of the clinical picture in malnutrition. Their importance has been emphasized by Samuels (1948), Zubirdn (1949), and by Gillman and Gillman (1951). The similarity between the clinical manifestations of malnutrition and those of altered endocrine function are evidenced by the frequency of serious sexual disturbances, pigmentations of the skin, lowered metabolic rates, gynecomastia, asthenia, hypotension, and other symptoms which could be attributed to dysfunction of the thyroid, the adrenals, the pituitary, or the gonads in undernourished individuals. 

The sum total of endocrine disturbances which we have described constitute a clinical picture which is very similar to that observed in panhypopituitarism due to organic disease of this gland. In this respect it is interesting to point out that the similarity has been so apparent that many textbooks and articles include a paragraph in which norms are given for the differential diagnosis between organic lesions of the pituitary and malnutrition (Escamilla and Lisser, 1942 Perkins and Rynearson, 1952). 

The observations reported here indicate that the role assigned the liver in the production of endocrine disturbances can not be accepted. 

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