Skeletal muscle tissue

Mundegar RR, Franke E, Schafer R, et al. Reduction of high background staining by heating unfixed mouse skeletal muscle tissue sections allows for detection of thermostable antigens with murine monoclonal antibodies./. Histochem. Cytochem. 2008 56 969-975. 

Rhabdomyolysis is the destruction of skeletal muscle tissues and may be associated with lipid-regulating drugs such as the fibrates and the statins. The risk of this side-effect is increased in patients with renal impairment and with hypothyroidism. Rhabdomyolysis may also occur with nicotinic acid, the antipsychotic aripiprazole, and the anaesthetic propofol. 

Component of phospholipids of membranes of the body s cells, and is abundant in the brain and muscles Necessary for the repair and growth of skeletal muscle tissue... 

Carter, D. O. and Tibbett, M. (2006). Microbial decomposition of skeletal muscle tissue (Ovis aries) in a sandy loam soil at different temperatures. Soil Biol. Bio-chem. 38, 1139-1145. 

Tibbett, M., Carter, D. O., Haslam, T., Major, R., and Haslam, R. (2004). A laboratory incubation method for determining the rate of microbiological degradation of skeletal muscle tissue in soil. /. Forensic Sci. 49, 560-565. 

Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin in the urine, often associated with rhabdomy-olysis. Rhabdomyolysis is the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue. The destruction of the muscle leads to the release of the breakdown products of damaged muscle cells into the blood stream some of these, such as myoglobulin, are harmful to the kidney and may lead to acute kidney failure. 

Cardiac muscles, as is evident from their name, make up the muscular portion of the heart. While almost all cardiac muscle is confined to the heart, some of these cells extend for a short distance into cardiac vessels before tapering off completely. The heart muscle is also called the myocardium. The heart muscle is responsible for more than two billion beats in a lifetime. The myocardium has some properties similar to skeletal muscle tissue, but it is also unique. Like skeletal muscles, myocardium is striated however, the cardiac muscle fibers are smaller and shorter than skeletal muscle fibers averaging 5-15 micrometers in diameter and 20-30 micrometers in length. In addition, cardiac muscles align lengthwise more than side-by-side compared to skeletal muscle fibers. The microscopic structure of cardiac muscle is also unique in that these cells are branched such that they can simultaneously communicate with multiple cardiac muscle fibers. 

Corti S, Locatelh F, Donadoni C, Guglieri M, Papadimitriou D, Strazzer S, Del Bo R, Comi GP (2004) Wild-type bone marrow cells amehorate the phenotype of SOD1-G93A ALS mice and contribute to CNS, heart and skeletal muscle tissues. Brain 127 2518-2532. 

Glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3 L-glutamate NAD(P) oxidoreductase, deaminating GLD) is a mitochondrial enzyme found mainly in the liver, heart muscle, and kidneys, but small amounts occur in other tissue, including brain and skeletal muscle tissue, and in leukocytes. 

Bodor GS, Porterfield D, Voss EM, Smith S, Apple FS. Cardiac troponin I is not expressed in fetal and adult human skeletal muscle tissue. Clin Chem 1995 41 1710-5. 

Skeletal muscle tissue engineering requires a considerably different structure than the two other tissues discussed above. The main concern with skeletal muscle regeneration is the alignment and maturation of large multinucleated muscle fibers. 

The skeletal-muscle tissue is accessible for local siRNA administration. Direct injection of siRNA formulated with cationic lipids or polymers can be considered for local dehvery, although inflammation caused by the injection is a common problem. A recent study with nonformulated siRNA delivered by direct injection... 

Some controversy exists in the literature regarding the possible existence of more than one pi-class GST. The acidic isoenzymes isolated from erythrocytes, lung, and placenta have been shown to share immunological identity and have the same subunit M, value and isoelectric point (A19, H52, K16). However, using nondenaturing starch-gel electrophoresis, both Laisney et al. (L4) and Suzuki et al. (S49) have shown that an acidic isoenzyme present in erythrocytes has a mobility different from that of the GST 3 enzyme observed in other tissues. Other workers have described two pi-class isoenzymes present in skeletal muscle tissue that have minor differences in their isoelectric point (S25). 

Glycogen is an energy reserve in animals, just as starch is in plants. Glycogen is similar in structure to amylopectin, but in a glycogen molecule a branch is found every 12 glucose units. Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle tissues. 

Fig. 33.2. Fate of VLDL triacylglycerol (TG). The TG of VLDL, produced in the liver, is digested by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) present on the lining cells of the capillaries in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. Fatty acids are released and either oxidized or stored in tissues as TG. Glycerol is used by the liver and other tissues that contain glycerol kinase. FA = fatty acid (or fatty acyl group).

Smooth and skeletal muscle myosins have important functional differences with respect to their motor activities and their regulation. The differences in motor properties are evident in the behavior of smooth and skeletal muscle myosins in an in vitro motifity assay. Purified smooth muscle myosin propels actin filaments at one tenth the velocity of skeletal muscle myosin and produces an average of 3-4 times more force per unit time period than skeletal muscle myosin, as measured by a micro-needle assay (Warshaw et al 1990, Van Buren et al 1994). These differences in the functional properties of smooth and skeletal muscle myosins at the molecular level parallel differences in the functional properties of smooth and skeletal muscle tissues. Smooth muscle tissues produce the same isometric force per cross-sectional area as skeletal muscle, but contain only one fifth as much myosin (Murphy et al 1974). In addition, the maximal shortening velocities of smooth muscle tissues are 1-2 orders of magnitude slower than those of skeletal muscles (Murphy et al 1997). 

In the adult and in developing animals, SM a-actin is not expressed in SMC solely. It has also been demonstrated in the cells with mixed SM and NM cell characteristics such as myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells [95,96] as well as in cells of the eye lens, hair follicles, and bone marrow stromal cells [97-99], During early development, SM a-actin is transiently expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue and its disappearance is concomitant with the achievement of maturation in the respective tissue [88,100,101]. 

The existing legislative requirements place further demands on the anal3Tical techniques required for effective enforcement. There is a requirement to increase the degree of test specificity essentially from the level of being able to detect the animal species component of a meat product (see Chapter 7) to the level of the individual tissue component present from that animal. In essence, tissue-specific rather than species-specific detection is what is required to enable accurate discrimination between skeletal muscle tissue and nonmuscle tissue components present in a food product. 

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