Sourcing issues

Cost and availability of raw materials, reagents, and solvents (cost of goods, sourcing issues),... 

Analyzer safety There are several potential safety hazards, and the source is one - providing localized temperatures in the range of 1100-1500 K. The laser and its power supply, which is a potential high voltage spark hazard, are other examples. Methods for thermal isolation and instrument purging can address the source issues. The discharging of any charge within the capacitance circuitry of the laser power supply addresses the spark hazard issue. 

As will be mentioned further in this chapter, the discovery of the anticancer drug, paclitaxel (21), was soon followed by sourcing issues due to the low yield of this compound in the source plant, Taxus brevifolia Nutt. This led to the semisynthesis of paclitaxel (21), from a precursor molecule, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, readily available from the leaves of Taxus baccata L., a renewable source with high yields of this compound.Docetaxel (37) is a second taxane class anticancer drug and is a semisynthetic derivative of paclitaxel (21). ... 

According to American sources issued in 1971 [51] the full method of making EDNA consists in the following steps ... 

The choice for an open-source DSS is first of all driven by the belief that in this way the DSS would be able to respond quickly to any progress and change in the scientific field as well as in the regulatory framework. Moreover the availability of the source code together with the right to modify it is likely to stimulate new improvements and further implementations. The open-source issue is a delicate subject that also takes into account that the DSS should be available to all the stakeholders and should be developed and managed by an organization that is independent of national and commercial interests such as the economic interests associated with the use of specific software. 

The final stage of optimisation will normally involve generating sufficient stability data on one or more variants to select the best variant. The optimal product will usually be selected based on technical merit. However, there may be a need to consider other factors, such as the use of novel excipients and the associated safety/toxicological implications, supplier and sourcing issues or the ability to patent the formulation or not. Some of these issues are discussed further below. 

Both starting raw materials (2-cyclohexylethanol and ethyl cyclohexylacetate) were available on large scales and did not represent a sourcing issue for future manufacturing. Both processes developed gave the cyclohexylaldehyde in high yield (80%). 

As mentioned previously, to circumvent sourcing issues, several groups have identified alternative sources of neonatal and adult mesenchymal progenitor cells, from adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, umbilical cord tissue [11], and other organs. It is now generally accepted that mesenchymal progenitor cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal cells, are perivascular cells [12], and reside in the perivascular niche [13,14], which may explain their relative abimdance in more vascular tissue like adipose and muscle. 

Pool fires tend to be localized in effect and are mainly of concern in establishing the potential for domino eflfects and employee safety zones, rather than for community risk. The primary effects of such fires are due to thermal radiation from the flame source. Issues of intertank and interplant spacing, thermal insulation, fire wall specification, etc., can be addressed on the basis of specific consequence analyses for a range of possible pool fire scenarios. 

Costs for buildings by size, type, city location, and level of mechanization were developed. Transportation costs for varying lengths of route and merchandise lading were developed. Sourcing issues for one vs. two facilities were modeled. For example, smaller purchase order sizes for some vendors... 

Patterning technologies are far from clinical application, but have been shown to allow precise control over the generation of vascular-like structures and microchannels within polymer scaffolds commonly used in tissue engineering. The majority of the research has used these structures as model networks for the study of vessel assembly or microfluidics. Questions remains as to how well these structures will function on the inevitable remodehng encountered following implantation. In addition, cell-sourcing issues described in the previous section are not avoided with these techniques. 

Two sourcing issues are used by internationally operating organisations ... 

In order to turn the entire electronics industry around from its more than 40 years of lead-tin solder assembly practices, a close working relationship is required with the supply chain, i.e., the vendors that provide materials, parts, and assembly services. The industry must come to some consensus concerning lead-free materials, particularly solders and component lead finishes. Vendors cannot be expected to provide multiple versions of individual part numbers. In addition, consensus will allow price reductions that result from economies of scale. As always, companies that desire products from vendors that lie outside the de facto standards (i.e., the industry consensus) must be prepared to bear the burden of additional costs, sourcing issues, and, in some cases, long lead times. 

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