Tissue engineering hydroxyapatite

The nanostructured surfaces resemble, at least to a certain degree, the architecture of physiological adhesion substrates, such as extracellular matrix, which is composed from nanoscale proteins, and in the case of bone, also hydroxyapatite and other inorganic nanocrystals [16,17,24-27]. From this point of view, carbon nanoparticles, such as fullerenes, nanotubes and nanodiamonds, may serve as important novel building blocks for creating artificial bioinspired nanostructured surfaces for bone tissue engineering. 

As well as being used as a scaffold for tissue engineering, Hutchens et al. [64] described the creation of a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite, the main mineral component of bone. Calcium phosphate particles were precipitated in BC by consecutive incubation of calcium chloride and sodium phosphate solutions. Initial tests with osteoblasts in the in vitro evaluation showed that solid fusion between the material and the bone tissue is possible. Hence, this material is a good candidate for use as a therapeutic implant to regenerate bone and heal osseous damage. 

The tissue engineering concept offers development of useful substrates for repair replacement or regeneration of organs and tissues. Hydroxyapatite (Cio(PC>4)6(OH)2, HA) is the major constituent of the bone and teeth. Deposition of calcium phosphate... 

Ngiam M et al (2009) The fabrication of nano-hydroxyapatite on PLGA and PLGA/collagen nanofibrous composite scaffolds and their effects in osteoblastic behavior for bone tissue engineering. Bone 45(1) 4—16... 

Composite Hydroxyapatite/poly-c- caprolactone Tissue engineering scaffolds Bioresorbable Hutmacher et al. (2007)... 

S. Deville, E. Saiz, and A.P. Tomsia, Freeze Casting of Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials, 27, 5480-89 (2006). 

D. Silvain, S. Eduardo. P, T. Antoni, Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials., 27 5480-5489 (2006). 

Chitosan can form 3D scaffold that are too weak to be useful in tissue engineering. Hence, inclusion in the chitosan matrix and/or grafting onto chitosan of other substances such as collagen, other biopolymers, or hydroxyapatite has been achieved to improve the mechanical properties of the scaffold and to mimic the nanostructure of the tissue for a better cell adhesion/infiltration and/or to provide thermosensitivity for in situ gelation. 

Madhumathl K, Shalumon KT et al (2009) Wet chemical synthesis of chitosan hydrogel-hydroxyapatite composite membranes for tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol 45 12-15... 

Kong L, Gao Y, Lu G et al (2006) A study on the bioactivity of chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 42 3171-3179... 

Venkatesan, J., Qian,Z.-J., Ryu, B., Ashok Kumar, N., and Kim, S.-K. (2011a). Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotube-grafted-chitosan— Natural hydroxyapatite composite for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr. Polym. 83,569-577. 

Nukavarapu, S.R Kumbar, S.G. Brown, J.L. Krogman, N.R. Weikel, A.L. Hindenlang, M.D. Nair, L.S. Allcock, H.R. Laurencin, C.T. Polyphosphazene/nano-hydroxyapatite composite microsphere scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9 (7), 1818-1825. 

For specific applications [e.g., bone tissue engineering], BC-gelatin/PA doped with hydroxyapatite [HAp] were synthesized [BC-gelatin/PA/Hap]. The cell compatibility of BC-gelatin/PA/HAp was tested with mesenchymal stem cells [58]. The results indicated that the composite supported cell growth and proliferation, over 7 days of cultivation. Studies on the effectiveness of composites in vitro and in vivo behavior should be further explored. 

Narbat, M. K., Orang, F., Hashtjin, M. S., and Goudarzi, A. (2006). Fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite-gelatin composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Iran. Biomed.J., 10(4), 215-223. 

XPS is used to analyze the elemental composition of polymer surfaces. In this technique, the sample is irradiated with a high-energy monochromatic X-ray and the core level electrons ejected from the sample (called photoelectrons) are detected. The energy of the photoelectrons ejected from the sample depends on the elements present on the sample surface. PGA scaffolds are used in bone tissue engineering, and in order to improve the osteoconduction of the PGA scaffold, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are coated on the polymer. XPS is a reliable method to verify the deposition of HA nanoparticles on PGA surface [37]. AES is more surface-sensitive than XPS. In this technique, a beam... 

J. liuytm, L. Yubao, X. Chengdong, Preparation and biological properties of a novel composite scaffold of nano-hydroxyapatite/ chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose for bone tissue engineering, J. Biomed. Sci. 16 (2009) 65. 

R. Zhang, P.X. Ma, Poly(a-hydroxyl acids)/hydroxyapatite porous composites for bone-tissue engineering. I. Preparation and morphology, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 44 (1999) 446-455. 

Y. Zhang, J.R. Venugopal, A. El-Turki, S. Ramakrishna, B. Su, C.T. Lim, Electrospun biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibers of hydroxyapatite/chitosan for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials... 

A. Asefnejad, A. Behnamghader, M. Khorasani, B. Farsadzadeh, Polyurethane/fluor-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Part I morphological, physical, and mechanical characterization, Int. J. Nanomedicine 6 (2011) 93-100. 

M. Patel, K. Patel, 1. Caccamese, D. Coletti, 1. Sauk, 1. Fisha-, Characterization of cyclic acetal hydroxyapatite nanocomposites fa- craniofacial tissue engineering, I. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 94 (2010) 408-418. 

---