Repair and replacement

In general, components should be repaired or replaced if they have been assessed to be unacceptable for further service. They should also be replaced in the event of obsolescence. 

Components that have been repaired or replaced for any reason should be reinspected in accordance with the recommendations of this Safety Guide, and pressure retaining components should be tested in accordance with the appropriate procedure before being returned to service. Such a re-inspection should include the method by which the deterioration was detected, and should form the basis for comparison with the results of subsequent in-service inspections. 

When systems or components require modifications, alterations or additions, the provisions in this Safety Guide for repair and replacement should be followed. 

The maintenance group, with the assistance of outside organizations if necessary, should be capable of restoring the plant to its normal operational capability by remedial maintenance such as the replacement or repair of defective plant items. 

After any remedial maintenance has been completed, a brief report on the repairs or replacanents carried out should be prepared. The component that failed, its mode of failure, the ranedial action taken, the total repair time, the total outage time and the state of the systan after completion of the remedial maintenance work should be identified. For major failures of components important to safety, a root cause analysis should be carried out in order to prevent recurrence. 

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Metallurgical coke gives rise to ferrosiHcon, which in the Hquid phase is more dense than calcium carbide and tends to setde and penetrate the bottom of the furnace. After a lengthy operating period it may extend 30 cm or more below the taphole, eventually reaching the furnace shell where it causes hot spots requiring repair and replacement of the furnace refractory. 

REMOVE TO WORKSHOP - REPAIR AND REPLACE IN ORIGINAL LOCATION... 

Access for initial construction and maintenance is a necessary part of planning. Space should be provided for repair and replacement equipment such as cranes and forked trucks, and specialized items such as snow removal equipment, as well as access ways around doors and underground hatches. 

Internal personnel will normally undertake boiler plant operation. Maintenance work may be by either internal personnel or outside contractors. Service contracts will be available from equipment suppliers covering all items of the boiler plant. Recently, companies have started offering contract energy-management schemes. These may be designed to suit individual applications and will be tailored to customer requirements. They may take over the operation of an existing plant or, if necessary, include for a new replacement plant. They will usually operate over a 3-10-year contract period. Dependent upon the terms of contract, all fuels, electricity, repairs and replacements may be covered. 

More competitive refining industry. The run length of the early FCC units was very short the unit was shut down every year or so. The general approach at the time was to make the necessary repairs and replace the damaged internal components. Once the industry became more competitive, the drive was to increase the unit s run length, improve its reliability, and maximize the quantity and quality of desired products. 

Metallic devices have been used to repair and replace parts of the human body for centuries. Archaeological evidence clearly indicates that surgical procedures were performed in several ancient civilisations. The use of surgical metal implants in humans was first recorded in 1562 when a gold prosthesis was used to close a defect in a cleft palate. ... 

The objectives of the inflammatory response can be viewed as a hierarchical ordered panel of events. The most successful consequence of an inflammatory response is the complete restoration of function and structure of the affected tissue, also denoted as resolution. If this is not possible, inflammation aims for healing by repair and replacement of lost tissue by scar tissue. 

Thermodynamically, virtually all metals in the elemental form are unstable with respect to redox reactions in environments where they are exposed to air and water, i.e., virtually all environments where they are used. Those metals least likely to oxidize (corrode) were long ago given the distinguished title "noble metals." Efforts to prevent metals from corroding, and the cost of repairing and replacing metal structures that have done so, runs into the billions of dollars annually. Thus, one characteristic feature of the society s use of metals is that the metals are continuously, albeit slowly, "degrading" to a less useful form from the moment they are put into use. 

Living cells are delicately balanced chemical machines. The ionization track generated by a nuclear particle upsets this balance, almost always destroying the cell in the process. Although the body has a remarkable ability to repair and replace damaged cells, exposure to radiation can overload these control mechanisms, causing weakness, illness, and even death. 

Wastewater generation can be reduced by general good housekeeping procedures such as substituting dry cleanup methods for water washdowns of equipment and floors. This is especially applicable for situations where liquid or solid materials have been spilled. Flow measuring devices and pH sensors with automatic alarms to detect process upsets are two of many ways to effect reductions in water use. Prompt repair and replacement of faulty equipment can also reduce wastewater losses. 

In a general way, the question about the versatility of adult stem cells comes down to whether the library of genetic instructions is irreversibly changed as cells specialize, and whether some parts then become unusable. This is a fundamental question that scientists have been studying for many years, and the answers are not yet certain. It is also a practical question, since if stem cells from one or more adult tissue are pluripotent, then such cells might be taken from an individual and used to repair and replace any, or at least many, of his or her tissues that are not working correctly. 

Facility modification, repair, and replacement and site demobilization (D11020J, p. 34)... 

Shipping, handling, and transporting residuals Analytical testing Equipment repair and replacement Site demobilization... 

Spaans, C.J., Belgraver, V.W.. Rienstra, O.. De Groot, J.H., Veth, R.P.H., and Pennings, A.J., Solvent-free fabrication of micro-porus polyurethane amide and polyurethane-urea scaffolds for repair and replacement of the knee-joint meniscus. Biomaterials 21 2453-2460, 2000. 

Davies KJA. Oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and damage removal, repair and replacement systems. IUBMB Life 2000 50 279-289. 

I had a client whom thought Anadrol-50 was candy. He had damaged his liver enzymic process to a point where synthesis of Glutamine was quite poor. Since Glutamine makes up 50-70% of total muscle amino acid pools, and is used to repair and replace the stomach lining every few days, growth stopped. 

Researchers have made amazing progress in the development of materials and structures for the replacement of nearly every possible body part. In most cases, however, those developments have been limited thus far to experimental use in a relatively small number of cases. A number of technical problems remain to be solved before engineered materials become reliable and inexpensive enough to be used commonly for the repair and replacement of structures damaged by injury and disease. 

The unit will operate 350 days/year (this includes reactivation shutdowns). The other 15 days are used for repairs and replacing the old catalyst. 

Disaster housing may be available for up to 18 months, using local resources, for displaced persons whose residences were heavily damaged or destroyed. Funding also can be provided for housing repairs and replacement of damaged items to make homes habitable. 

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