Tissue engineering applications hydroxyapatite

Madhumathl K, Shalumon KT et al (2009) Wet chemical synthesis of chitosan hydrogel-hydroxyapatite composite membranes for tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol 45 12-15... 

Gentile P, Chiono V, Boccafoschi F, Baino F, Vitale-Brovarone C, Verne E, Barbani N, Ciardelli G (2010) Composite films of gelatin and hydroxyapatite/bioactive glass for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Sci Polym Ed 21 1207-1226... 

Y. Xia, P. Zhou, X. Cheng, Y. Xie, C. Liang, C. Li, S. Xu. Selective laser sintering fabrication of nano-hydroxyapatite/poly-epsilon-caprolactone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Int J Nanomed 8,4197-4213,2013. 

Pramanik N, Mishra D, Banerjee I, Maiti TK, Bhargava P, Pramanik P. Chemical synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility study of hydroxyapatite/chitosan phosphate nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering applications. Int J Biomater 2009 l-8. 2009. 

Oliveira, J. M., Rodrigues, M. T, Silva, S. S et al. Novel hydroxyapatite chitosan bilayered scaffold for Osteochondral tissue engineering applications Scaffold Design and its performance when seeded with goat bone marrow stromal cells. Biomaterials. 2006,276,123-137. 

For specific applications [e.g., bone tissue engineering], BC-gelatin/PA doped with hydroxyapatite [HAp] were synthesized [BC-gelatin/PA/Hap]. The cell compatibility of BC-gelatin/PA/HAp was tested with mesenchymal stem cells [58]. The results indicated that the composite supported cell growth and proliferation, over 7 days of cultivation. Studies on the effectiveness of composites in vitro and in vivo behavior should be further explored. 

There are several synthetic composite materials and their applications in tissue engineering are versatile. For instance, in one study a composite of carboxymethyl-chitin (CM-chitin) with hydroxyapatite (HAp) was examined for its ability to repair bone in animals. New bone formation of CM-chitin-HAp composite was superior to that of CM-chitin, HAp, and control (Tokura and Tamura, 2001). The porous CM-chitin-HAp composite was also a functional... 

In tissue engineering, two biodegradable polymers can be blended to form a scaffold with a co-continuous structure, perhaps in the presence of an active drug to be dispensed by controlled release into the body. For example, hydroxyapatite can be combined with PLA and PMMA via melt extrusion processing to form a tissue scaffold or alternately be used in prosthetics. Blends of PP with SBR or SEBS can also be formulated to achieve the necessary body weight support and movement for the latter application (Harrats and Makhilef 2006a). 

Wei, B., et al. 2015. Three-dimensional polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite scaffolds combined with bone marrow cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Journal of Biomaterials Applications 30(2) 160-170. 

Bioceramic materials have developed into a very powerful driver of advanced ceramics research and development. For many years bioceramics, both bioinert materials such as alumina, zirconia and, to a limited extent titania (Lindgren et al., 2009), and bioconductive materials such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and calcium phosphate cements, have been used successfully in dinical practice. In addition, applications continue to emerge that use biomaterials for medical devices. An excellent account of the wide range of bioceramics available today has recently been produced by Kokubo (2008), in which issues of the significance of the structure, mechanical properties and biological interaction of biomaterials are discussed, and their clinical applications in joint replacement, bone grafts, tissue engineering, and dentistry are reviewed. The type and consequences of cellular responses to a variety of today s biomaterials have been detailed in recent books (Di Silvio, 2008 Basu et al., 2009 Planell et al., 2009). 

In addition to drug delivery, collagen has been used in applications in the medical-pharmaceutical interface, including tissue engineering (i.e., composites of collagen with hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate in bone grafts or as artificial valve and vessel substitutes) [417] and surgical sutures [418]. 

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