Tin oxides, preparation

Fig. 2 Reported growth rate of tin oxide, prepared from (Ctf3)4Sn + O2, as a function of temperature. Borman et al. [39] used a hot wall reactor with various diameters shown in the legend, [TMT] = 99-390 ppm. Ghostagore [32,33] used a horizontal cold wall reactor with [TMT] = 117-310 ppm. Chow et al. [54] used a stagnation-point flow reactor, and Vetrone et al. [55] a horizontal hot-wall reactor with a tilted substrate...

Two other MSP oxides were recently reported by Srivastava [114, 115]. Both preparations used the alkoxides of the metals as the inorganic precursor and CTAB as the template. The first report details the preparation of MSP Sn02 [114]. The porous tin oxide prepared in this way was used in dye-sensitized solar cells. 

Acetylsucrose [63648-81-7] has been prepared in 40% yield by direct acetylation of sucrose using acetic anhydride in pyridine at 40° C (36). The 6-ester has subsequently been obtained in greater than 90% yield, by way of 4,6-cycHc orthoacetate. Other selective methods for the 6-acylated derivatives include the use of alkyl tin reagents such as dibutyl tin oxide (37) and of dibutyl stannolane derivatives (38). Selective acetylation of sucrose by an enzymic process has also been described. Treatment of sucrose with isopropenyl acetate in pyridine in the presence of Lipase P Amano gave, after chromatography, 6-0-acetylsucrose (33%) and 4/6-di-O-acetylsucrose (8%). The latter compound has been obtained in 47% yield by the prolonged treatment (39). 

Stannic and stannous chloride are best prepared by the reaction of chlorine with tin metal. Stannous salts are generally prepared by double decomposition reactions of stannous chloride, stannous oxide, or stannous hydroxide with the appropriate reagents. MetaUic stannates are prepared either by direct double decomposition or by fusion of stannic oxide with the desired metal hydroxide or carbonate. Approximately 80% of inorganic tin chemicals consumption is accounted for by tin chlorides and tin oxides. 

Electrical and Electronic Applications. Silver neodecanoate [62804-19-7] has been used in the preparation of a capacitor-end termination composition (110), lead and stannous neodecanoate have been used in circuit-board fabrication (111), and stannous neodecanoate has been used to form patterned semiconductive tin oxide films (112). The silver salt has also been used in the preparation of ceramic superconductors (113). Neodecanoate salts of barium, copper, yttrium, and europium have been used to prepare superconducting films and patterned thin-fHm superconductors. To prepare these materials, the metal salts are deposited on a substrate, then decomposed by heat to give the thin film (114—116) or by a focused beam (electron, ion, or laser) to give the patterned thin film (117,118). The resulting films exhibit superconductivity above Hquid nitrogen temperatures. 

Gold purple, often caHed Purple of Cassius, is a tin oxide gel colored by finely divided gold (7). It has good coverage and brilliance in low temperature coatings such as porcelain enamels. It is a very expensive pigment, because of its difficult preparation as well as the price of gold. 

The polymetallosiloxanes above may in fact be considered as variants of a series of polymetalloxanes which are akin to the silicones but which contain, for example, tin, germanium and titanium instead of silicon. Of the poly-organostannoxanes, dibutyl tin oxide finds use as a stabiliser for PVC and as a silicone cross-linking agent. Polyorganogermanoxanes have also been prepared (Figure 29.13). 

Most 2,5-unsubstituted pyrroles and thiophenes, and most anilines can be polymerized by electrochemical oxidation. For pyrroles, acetonitrile,54 or aqueous55 electrolyte solutions are normally used, while the polymerization of thiophenes is performed almost exclusively in nonaqueous solvents such as acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, and benzonitrile. 0 Polyanilines are generally prepared from a solution of aniline in aqueous acid.21 Platinum or carbon electrodes have been used in most work, although indium-tin oxide is routinely used for spectroelectrochemical experiments, and many other electrode materials have also been employed.20,21... 

Characteristics of Tin Oxide Thin Films on a Poly Ethylene Terephthalate Substrate Prepared by Electron Cyclotron Resonance-Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition... 

Preparation of mixed metal oxides - The sulfated metal oxides (zircoiua, titaiua and tin oxide) were synthesized using a two-step method. The first step is the hydroxylation of metal complexes. The second step is the sulfonation with H2SO4 followed by calcination in air at various temperatures, for 4 h, in a West 2050 oven, at the temperature rate of 240°C hSulfated zirconia Zr0Cl2.8H20 (50 g) was... 

Kim D, Oh S, Lee J (1999) Preparation of ultrafine monodispersed Indium-Tin Oxide particles in AOT-Based reverse microemulsions as nanoreactors. Langmuir 15(5) 1599-1603... 

In IMS, supportive materials, whose surfaces are coated with conductive materials, are used in principal. In the simplest way, the tissue slices can be placed on a metal MALDI plate directly.9 In this case, however, the target plate must be cleaned carefully after the measurement is over. Currently, the method commonly used is that samples are prepared on a disposable plastic sheet or a glass slide coated with series of conductive materials. In particular, a plastic sheet (ITO sheet) or glass slide (ITO glass slide available from Bruker Daltonics K.K., Billerica, MA, or Sigma, St. Louis, MO) coated with ITO (indium-tin oxide) is useful because it has superior optical transparency... 

Porous ultrafine tin oxide ethanol gas sensors92 in the form of a thin film have been prepared from tin alkoxide by the sol-gel process. The microstructural evolution of the tin oxide films, which affected the ethanol gas-sensing properties of the films, was investigated as a function of firing temperature and solution concentration. Theoretically, it was expected that ethanol gas sensitivity would increase monotonically with decreasing film thickness, but experimental results showed a maximum sensitivity at about 70 nm. The sudden decrease of the sensitivity below the thickness of 70 nm seemed to be due to the sudden decrease of film porosity, i.e., the sudden decrease of the number of the available sites for the oxidation reaction of ethanol molecules. Thus, it seemed that below the thickness of 70 nm, the sensitivity was governed by microstructure rather than by film thickness. 

Anhydrous tin(IV) oxide ( Superlite grade) and 6-stannic acid ( Metastannic acid ) were supplied by Keeling Walker Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent. 6-stannic acid paste was prepared at Chinghall Ltd., Milton Keynes, by dispersing Keeling Walker s Metastannic acid, at a level of 73% in a phthalate plasticiser. Colloidal tin oxide, a 25% aqueous dispersion of Sn02> was supplied by Nyacol Products Inc., Ashland, Mass., U.S.A. 

Very recently, even transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), such as indium-tin-oxide (ITO), have been prepared using suitable KLE templates.59 As one potential application, such porous TCOs (ZnO, etc.) are interesting for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. In general, such porous electrodes cover a variety of potential electro-optical applications, because they are both conducting and transparent. 

Sloop and coworkers33 have prepared eight different isotopically substituted tin hydrides. All their syntheses started with a tin oxide enriched in one of the isotopes of tin. An example of their synthetic scheme is presented using tin-112. 

L.J. Meng and M.P. dos Santos, Properties of indium tin oxide films prepared by rf reactive magnetron sputtering at different substrate temperature, Thin Solid Films, 322 56-62, 1998. 

S. Ray, R. Banerjee, N. Basu, A.K. Batabyal, and A.K. Barua, Properties of tin doped indium tin oxide thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering, J. Appl. Phys., 54 3497-3501, 1983. 

R. Banerjee and D. Das, Properties of tin oxide films prepared by reactive electron beam evaporation, Thin Solid Films, 149 291-301, 1987. 

C. Yan, M. Zhamikov, A. Golzhauser, and M. Grunze, Preparation and characterization of self-assembled monolayers on indium tin oxide, Langmuir, 16 6208-6215, 2000. 

K.R. Zhang, F.R. Zhu, C.H.A. Huan, and A.T.S. Wee, Indium tin oxide films prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering method at a low processing temperature, Thin Solid Films, 376 255-263, 2000. 

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