Thl helper cells

Also upregulation of the THl-helper cell subset in vitro... 

Sato N, Ahuja SK, Quinones M, et al. CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2 is required for langerhans cell migration and localization of T helper cell type 1 (Thl)-inducing dendritic cells. Absence of CCR2 shifts the Leishmania major-resistant phenotype to a susceptible state dominated by Th2 cytokines, b cell outgrowth, and sustained neutrophilic inflammation. J Exp Med 2000 192(2) 205-218. 

It is also more or less accepted that T-cells, in particular T-helper cells (CD4+), may develop into either Thl cells or Th2 cells. By doing so, T-helper cells orchestrate the ensuing immune response by the types of cytokines they produce. Thl cells, by producing IL-12 and y-IFN, stimulate macrophages and/or cytotoxic T-cells to kill and destroy infected or malignant cells, or to initiate a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction Th2 cells, by producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, trigger B-cells to initiate antibody production. 

Stumbles PA, Thomas JA, Pimm CL, Lee PT, Venaille TJ, Proksch S, Holt PG Resting respiratory tract dendritic cells preferentially stimulate T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and require obligatory cytokine signals for induction of Thl immunity. J Exp Med 1998 188 2019-2031. 

A study in mice examined immune responses following topical exposure to three allergenic diisocyanates diphenylmethane-4,4 -diisocyanate (MDI), dicyclohexyl-methane-4,4 -diisocyanate (HMDI), and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). Contact and respiratory sensitizers induce differential immune responses in mice characteristic of Thl and Th2 T helper cell activation, respectively. All three chemicals are contact allergens. MDI is, in addition, a known human respiratory allergen. HMDI and IPDI did not produce an immunologic response in the mouse similar to MDI. These findings suggest that HMDI has much less potential to cause respiratory sensitization in humans than does MDI ... 

AIDS represents the classic example of immunodeficiency disease caused by extrinsic factors, in this instance the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus exhibits a strong tropism for CD4 T helper cells these become depleted, giving rise to increased frequency of opportunistic infections and malignancies in infected individuals. AIDS is also characterized by an imbalance in THl and TH2 cells, and the ratios of cells and their functions are skewed toward TH2. This results in hypergammaglobulinemia, loss of cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, and delayed hypersensitivity. 

T-helper cells of atopic people are largely of the Th2 type rather than the Thl that is, they will induce IgE class switching in B-cells (Th2) rather than IgG class switching (Thl). Th2 helper cells synthesise IL-4 and IL-13, which promote class switching, and release IL-5, which attracts eosinophils and other inflammatory cells to the site, producing the late phase of the response. 

Thl/Tli2 subclasses of T helper cells that are distinguished by their cytokine profiles. Thl cells are characterized by production of IFN-g. Thl cells are characterized by production of IL-4. Th2 cells polarize the immune response towards cellular immunity and Th2 cells polarize towards antibody formation. 

McHugh SM, Rifkin IR, Deighton J, Wilson AB, Lachmann PJ, Lockwood CM, Ewan PW. The immunosuppressive drug thalidomide induces T helper cell type 2 (Th2) and concomitantly inhibits Thl cytokine production in mitogen- and antigen-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Clin Exp Immunol 1995 99(2) 160-7. 

Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR, Tipping PG Thl and Th2T helper cell subsets affect patternsofinjury and outcomes in glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1999 55 1198-216. 

Fiorentino, D.F., Bond, M.W. and Mossmann, T.R (1989). Two types of mouse T helper cells IV. Th2 clones secrete a factor that inhibits cytokine production by Thl clones. J. Exp. Med. 170, 2081-2095. 

Weinberg, A. D. et al., Target organ specific upregulation of the MRC OX-40 marker and selective production of Thl Lymphokine mRNA by encephalitogenic T helper cells isolated from the spinal cord of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,. /. Immunol., 152,4712, 1994. 

Thl, T helper cell type 1 Th2, T helper cell type2 Tcl, T cytotoxic cell type 1 Tc2, T cytotoxic cell type 2. 

The cytokine profile in psoriasis is known as a T-helper cell type 1 (Thl) response this subset of T cells produces primarily interferon-y (IFN-y) and interleukin (IL)-2. Other local cells, including keratinocytes and local neutrophils, are induced to produce other cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin... 

Zhang X, Brunner T, Carter L, Dutton RW, Rogers P, Bradley L, Sato T, Reed JC, Green D, Swain SL Unequal death in T helper cell (Th)l and Th2 effectors Thl, but not Th2, effectors undergo rapid Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis. J Exp Med 1997 185 1837-1849. 

Melatonin T-helper cells bear G-protein coupled melatonin cell membrane receptors and activation of melatonin receptors, induce the release of T-helper cell type 1 (Thl) cytokines such as interferon-y(IFN-Y) and IL-2. Melatonin also stimulates the release of novel opioid cytokines, which cross-react immunologicaUy with both IL-4 and dynorphin B. Melatonin may enhance the production of IL-6 from human monocytes. Conversely, IFN-yand various colony-stimulating factors may feedback to modulate melatonin production by the pineal gland [14]. 

BIO. Bass, H., Mosmann, T., and Strober, S. Evidence for mouse Thl- and Th2-like helper T cells in vivo. Selection reduction of Thl-like cells after total lymphoid irradiation. J. Exp. Med. 170, 1495-1511 (1989). 

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