Thin-film, solid-state batteries

Solid-State Electrolytes. True all solid-state ionic electrolytes such as lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) provide adequate conductivity for use in thin film solid-state batteries (see Sec. 35.8.)... 

Lithium solid state microbatteries, which consist of a thin-film electrolyte sandwiched between two thin-film electrodes (Figure 11.13), have been realized and give high perfor-mances. Among mai attempts presented, one finds consistent effort toward the development of complete thin-film solid state battery, and the most promising device seems to be that developed by Jones and Akridge. ... 

A specialized type of Li-ion battery developed for semi-conductor and printed circuit board (PCB) applications are thin-film, solid-state devices. These batteries which employ ceramic negative, solid electrolyte and positive electrode materials, can sustain high temperatures (250°C), and can be fabricated by high volume manufacturing techniques on silicon wafers which are viable as on-chip or on-board power sources for microelectronics. Batteries of this type can be very small, 0.04 cm x 0.04 cm x 2.0 fjm. For microelectronics applications, all components must survive solder re-flow conditions, nominally 250°C in air or nitrogen for 10 minutes. Cells with liquid or polymer electrolytes cannot sustain these conditions because of the volatility or thermal stability of organic components. Further, cells that employ lithium metal also fail as solder re-flow conditions exceed the melting point of lithium (180.5°C). 

Electrical Performance of Thin-film, Solid-state Li-ion Batteries... 

Cairns EJ, Shimotake H (1969) High-temperature batteries. Science 164 1347-1355 Kennedy JH (1977) Thin film solid electrolyte systems. Thin Solid Films 43 41-92 Linford RG (1988) Apphcations of solid state ionics for batteries. Solid State Ionics 28-30 831-840... 

Huang, F., Z.W. Fu, Y.Q. Chu, W.Y. Liu, and Q.Z. Qin. 2004. Characterization of composite 0.5Ag V205 thin-film electrodes for lithium-ion rocking chair and all-solid-state batteries. Electrochem. and Solid-State Lett. 7 A180-A184. 

Jones S.D., Akridge J.R., Shokoohi F.K. Thin-film rechargeable Li batteries. Solid State Ionics 1994 69 357... 

Vinod M.P., Bahnemann D. Materials for all-solid-state thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries by sol-gel processing. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2002 6 498-501 Vivier V., Farcy J., Pereira-Ramos J.P. Electrochemical lithium insertion in sol-gel crystalline vanadium pentoxide thin films. Electrochim. Acta 1998 44 831-839 Wang J., Bell J.M., Skryabin I.L. Kinetics ofcharge injection in sol-gel deposited WO3. Solar Ener. Mater. Solar Cells 1999 56 465-475... 

In the late 1970s, polymer electrolyte materials were proposed for use in solid-state battery designs." A considerable development effort has resulted in a number of review arti-cles" " describing the status of such batteries in some detail. The unique aspect of these batteries is that the electrolyte is a soM flexible film comprised of a polymer matrix and an ionic salt complexed into the matrix. Thin-film solid-polymer electrolyte batteries offer tbe possibility of an intrinsically safe battery design in combination with good high-rate capability. 

FIGURE 35.107 Schematic diagram of a thin-film lithium free solid-state battery prior to and after initial... 

Even thin film-type, all-solid-state Li-ion batteries with an A1 anode lose 90 % of their original capacity after 100 cycles [138], a behavior in contrast to that observed with similar all-solid-state batteries using Si anodes [139]. The degradation mechanism of such Al-based all-solid-state batteries would be different from that of NWs as it would result from Li trapping in AlLi domains formed on the top surface of the A1 anode. This trapping would be due to the lack of surface pathways allowing Li and A1 to out-diffuse from the AlLi domains upon delithiation [138]. 

Liu M, Viseo SJ, De Jonghe LC (1991) Novel solid redox polymerization electrodes all-solid-state, thin-film, rechargeable lithium batteries. J Electroehem Soc 138(7) 1891-1895... 

Microsohd state batteries in the form of thin films partly avoid the irrterfaee eorrtact difficirlty and can be ttsed as devices in microelectronics. Recently, eonsiderable atterrtion has been focitsed on the preparation of solid state lithium batteries using sohd polymer electrolytes which are made from polymer complexes formed by hthirrm salts arrd polymer ethers. Ultrathin-film solid state lithirrm batteries have been fabricated using a thin solid polymer electrolyte film prepared by complexation of a plasma polymer and hthirrm perchlorate. ... 

Nonporous electrodes are of interest for thin-film microbatteries, especially aU-solid-state batteries, and for measurements of the solid diffusion coefficient and exchange-current density, since these measurements require knowledge of the surface area. In the nonporous geometry, no electrolyte, binder, or filler is present in the electrode. Then only two governing equations apply. The electrode has a planar geometry. Let x = 0 be the electrode-current collector interface, and x = Lbe the position of the electrode-separator interface. The first governing equation is Ohm s law in the solid. 

Layered Cathode for All-Solid-State Thin-Film Lithium Ion Battery. 206... 

Path A, Path V, Shin DW, Choi JW, Paik DS, Yoon SJ (2008) Issue and challenges facing rechargeable thin film lithium batteries. Mater Res Bull 43 1913-1942 Jones SD, Akridge JR (1996) A microfabricated solid-state secondary Li battery. Solid State Ionics 86-88 1291-1294... 

Souquet JL, Duclot M (2002) Thin film lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics 148 375-379 Whittingham MS (2004) Lithium batteries and cathode materials. Chem Rev 104 4271-4301... 

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