Thin cells

Infrared spectroelectrochemical methods, particularly those based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can provide structural information that UV-visible absorbance techniques do not. FTIR spectroelectrochemistry has thus been fruitful in the characterization of reactions occurring on electrode surfaces. The technique requires very thin cells to overcome solvent absorption problems. 

Mohnen, D., Eberhard, S., Marfi, V., Doubrava, N., Toubart, P., Gollin, D.J., Gruber, T.A., Nuri, W., Albersheim, P., and Darvill, A. (1990) The control of root, vegetative shoot and flower morphogenesis in tobacco thin cell-layer explants (TCLs). Development, 108 191-201. 

Several bioactive fractions from pea stem cell wall pectin have been separated. The fractions contained mainly galacturonides inhibited the process of root formation in thin cell-layer explants, while the fractions contained only neutral sugars stimulated this process to different extend. Analysis of the last fractions showed that they mainly consisted of galactan and arabinogalactan fragments. 

This paper reports on the separation of some fragments obtained by acid hydrolyses of pectin from pea shoot cell walls, which had effect on thin cell-layer explant rhizogenesis. 

After multistep fractionation of cell wall pectin hydrolysate several bioactive fractions were obtained. They exhibited various influence on process of root development in buckwheat thin cell-layer (BTCL) explants (Table 1). 

Figure 2. Advanced stage of barley leaf penetration by C. sativus. The pathogen has penetrated the anticlinal cell wall junction between two host epidermal cells (e). The fungal appressorium (a) is visible above the cell comer. The host cell comer matrix has been displaced by an enlarged hyphal element (h) situated between the thin cell walls of the host epidermal cells. The host epidermal cell walls have been densely labeled with the cellulase-gold probe. An intercellullar hyphal element (ih) is present within the penetrated host cell. Bar = 1 pM.

More than 20 years ago, Matsushita et al. observed macroscopic patterns of electrodeposit at a liquid/air interface [46,47]. Since the morphology of the deposit was quite similar to those generated by a computer model known as diffusion-limited aggregation (D LA) [48], this finding has attracted a lot of attention from the point of view of morphogenesis in Laplacian fields. Normally, thin cells with quasi 2D geometries are used in experiments, instead of the use of liquid/air or liquid/liquid interfaces, in order to reduce the effect of convection. 

Under normal conditions the sinusoidal endothelial cells are flat thin cells lying close against the hepatocyte surface, separated only by the periplasmic space. Cold preservation of the liver causes the endothelial cells to round up and detach, although they are not actually... 

Figure 12.8 CO-saturated electrolyte in the thin cell of Fig. 12.2. (a) CO oxidation the first and second scans are shown, (b) Comparison with the CO stretch frequency shift. (Filled circles denote linear Stark tuning behavior while open circles correspond to deviations from linear behavior during oxidation.)...

From the increase of the rate constant with thickness it is clear that thick cells will degrade deeper than thin cells. However, because the initial efficiency increases with thickness, an optimum thickness of 200-300 nm is found [577]. 

Before attempting to develop any theory correlating molecular to cholesteric handedness, one must be completely sure of the experimental data. A cholesteric phase is fully described by its handedness and pitch, and often also knowledge of the pitch variations with temperature is fundamental. In particular, the determination of the handedness is quite a delicate matter. Before discussing the methods currently used to determine handedness and pitch, the principal textures of the cholesteric phase must be briefly reviewed The planar or Grandjean textures are obtained in thin cells by rubbing the cell walls (with... 

Fu YF, Han YZ, Zhao D-G, Meng F-J (2000) Zearalenone and flower bud formation in thin-cell layers of Nicotiana tabacum L. Plant Growth Regul 30 271-274 Hagler WM Jr, Towers NR, Mirocha CJ, Eppley RM, Bryden WL (2001) Zearalenone mycotoxin or mycoestrogen In Summerell BA, Leslie JF, Backhouse D, Bryden WL, Burgess LW (eds) Fusarium. Paul E. Nelson memorial symposium. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, pp 21-34... 

This long, thin cell is lowered into the centre of the EPR spectrometer, with the WE at the focus of the magnetic field. Great care and skill are needed during this operation because otherwise the signal will be distorted or, worse still, the EPR trace of the electrons within the electrodes may be picked up. 

This morphology was compared with that of the extruded LDPE, which was used to produce the foams. The main source of the differences between the morphologies of the two types of material appeared to be the geometrical arrangement of the polymer in thin cell walls and the complicated mechanical and thermal history of the polymer that comprised the cell foams of the foams. 22 refs. (European Conference on Macromolecular Physics Morphology and Properties of Crystalline Polymers, Eger, Hungary, Sept.2001)... 

C. Contado, Particle Size Separation—Split-Flow Thin Cell Separation, Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Academic Press Ltd., London, U.K., 2000. 

Relevance to potatoes Potatoes have thin cell walls so are not rich in NSPs. They are a valuable source of carbohydrate energy, but would not on their own provide enough dietary fiber to meet daily requirements. Increasing RS levels partially compensates for the low dietary fiber content of potatoes. 

Cells of mycoplasmas sometimes grow as filaments but are often spherical and as small as 0.3 micrometer (pm) in diameter. Their outer surface consists of a thin cell membrane about 8 nanometers (nm) thick. This membrane encloses the cytoplasm, a fluid material containing many dissolved substances as well as sub-microscopic particles. At the center of each cell is a single, highly folded molecule of DNA, which constitutes the bacterial chromosome. Besides the DNA there may be, in a small spherical mycoplasma, about 1000 particles 20 nm in diameter, the ribosomes. These ribosomes are the centers of protein synthesis. Included in the cytoplasm are many different kinds of... 

For reasons already mentioned in Sect. 3.1, cells with finite planar geometry are usually thin cells (i.e. L is small, usually a fraction of a millimetre) and there are only two electrodes. A controlled-potential experiment thus usually involves fixing the potential between the two electrodes, though this does not necessarily mean fixing the potential across either electrode. That is, the way in which the applied potential divides itself between the anode and the cathode will, in general, change with time, even if the total applied potential remains constant. For this reason, the simplification that normally attends experiments carried out at constant applied potential is not achieved with finite planar cells. 

---