Sinusoidal endothelial cells

Under normal conditions the sinusoidal endothelial cells are flat thin cells lying close against the hepatocyte surface, separated only by the periplasmic space. Cold preservation of the liver causes the endothelial cells to round up and detach, although they are not actually... 

Figure 4.1. Schematic representation of the architecture of the liver. Blood enters the liver through the portal vein (PV) and hepatic arteries (HA), flows through the sinusoids, and leaves the liver again via the central vein (CV). KC, Kupffer cells SEC, sinusoidal endothelial cells HSC, hepatic stellate cells BD, bile duct. Modified from reference 98.

Figure 4.2. Diagram outlining the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Injury to parenchymal cells (PC) results in the activation of Kupffer cells (KC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and the recruitment of inflammatory cells (IC). These cells release cytokines, growth factors and reactive oxygen species that induce activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC). HSCs gradually transform into myofibroblasts (MF), the major producers of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.

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The liver possesses a variety of characteristics that make this organ very attractive for gene therapy. The proportion of administered macromolecules internalized by hepatocytes depends on their particle size and biochemical characteristics. Only relatively small molecules can pass the fenestrae of sinusoidal endothelial cells in... 

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Fig. 4 Confocal laser scans of human hepatocyte spheroids, (a) Human hepatocyte spheroid. Nuclei appear blue (DAPI staining). Bile canaliculi are visualized by green fluorescence (staining of the bile canalicular marker DPPIV). (b) Similar spheroid as shown in (a), with inclusion of sinusoidal endothelial cells (red) into the hanging drop culture. The endothelial cells do not form vessel-like structures as in vivo but build an epithelium at the surface of the spheroid, (c) Kupffer cells integrated into a spheroid of hepatocytes. (d) Reconstructed bile canalicular network of a spheroid of human hepatocytes. (e) Bile canalicular network of liver tissue...

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