Thin-film solar cells

PlO-14 Titanium dioxide is a wide-bandgap semiconductor that is showing promise as an insulating dielectric in VLSI capacitors and for use in solar cells. Thin films of T102 are to be prepared by chemical vapor deposition from gaseous titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP). The overall reaction is... 

Use Semiconductor in solar cells, thin-film transistors, infrared detectors, ultrasonic amplifiers. 

Industrial Applications Photovoltaic cells solar cells thin films lithographic printing plates Safety/Toxicity Bacterial toxicity chromosomal... 

The fabrication technique of active layer (electron donor and electron acceptor) also affects the properties and PCE of the fabricated organic solar cells. Thin film of active layer can be prepared by spin coating, solution printing, roll-to-roll, spray coating, etc. In this contribution, fabrications of nanofibers by electrospinning to control the morphology of semiconductor materials and the uses of electrospun nanofibers as active layers or other parts of organic solar cells will be later reviewed. 

In most cases, CVD reactions are activated thermally, but in some cases, notably in exothermic chemical transport reactions, the substrate temperature is held below that of the feed material to obtain deposition. Other means of activation are available (7), eg, deposition at lower substrate temperatures is obtained by electric-discharge plasma activation. In some cases, unique materials are produced by plasma-assisted CVD (PACVD), such as amorphous siHcon from silane where 10—35 mol % hydrogen remains bonded in the soHd deposit. Except for the problem of large amounts of energy consumption in its formation, this material is of interest for thin-film solar cells. Passivating films of Si02 or Si02 Si N deposited by PACVD are of interest in the semiconductor industry (see Semiconductors). 

Hodes G, Manassen J, Neagu S, Cahen D, Mirovski Y (1982) Electroplated cadmium chalcogenide layers Characterization and use in photoelectrochemical solar cells. Thin Solid Films 90 433-438... 

Siebentritt, S. 2002. Wide gap chalcopyrites material properties and solar cells. Thin Solid Films 403-404 1-8. 

Klenk, M. Schenker, O. Alberts, V. Bucher, E. 2001. Properties of flash evaporated chalcopyrite absorber films and solar cells. Thin Solid Films 387 47 19. 

Abou-Ras, D. Kostorz, G. Romeo, A. Rudmann, D. Tiwari, A. N. 2005. Structural and chemical investigations of CBD- and PVD-CdS buffer layers and interfaces in Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based thin film solar cells. Thin Solid Films 480 181 118-123. 

Sankapal, B. R. Ennaoui, A. Guminskaya, T. Dittrich, Th. Bohne, W. Rohrich, J. Strub, E. Lux-Steiner, M. Ch. 2005. Characterization of p-Cul prepared by the SILAR technique on Cu-tape/n-CuInS2 for solar cells. Thin Solid Films 480-481 142-146. 

Brabec CJ, Cravino A, Meissner D, Sariciftci NS, Rispens MT, Sanchez L, Hummelen JC, Fromherz T (2002) The influence of materials work function on the open circuit voltage of plastic solar cells. Thin Solid Films 403 368... 

G.H. Hewig, W.H. Bloss, Technology of thin films solar cells, Thin Solid Films 45 (1977) 1-7. 

Tsuge, Y., K. Inokuchi, K. Onozuka, O. Shingo, S. Sugi, M. Yoshikawa and S. Shiratori (2006). Fabrication of porous Ti02 films using a spongy replica prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly method Application to dye-sensitized solar cells. Thin Solid Films, 499(1-2), 396—401. 

Taretto K. and Ran U. (2005), Influence of built-in voltage in optimized extremely thin absorber solar cells , Thin Solid Films 480-481, 447-451. 

Kroon J. M., Wienk M. M., Verhees W. J. H. and Hummelen J. C. (2002), Accurate efficiency determination and stability studies of conjugated polymer/fullerene solar cells , Thin Solid Films 403, 223-228. 

NiggemannM., Glatthaar M., Gombert A., Hinsch A. and Wittwer V. (2004) Diffraction gratings and buried nano-electrodes—architectnres for organic solar cells . Thin Solid Films 451, 619-623. 

Hoppe H, Glatzel T, Niggemann M, Schwinger W, Schaeffler F, Hinsch A, Lux-Steiner MC, Sariciftci NS (2006) Efficiency limiting morphological factors of MDMO-PPV PCBM plastic solar cells. Thin Solid Films 511-512 587... 

Munters T, Martens T, Goris L, Vrindts V, Manca J, Lutsen L, Ceunick WD, Vanderzande D, Schepper LD, Gelan J, Sariciftci NS, Brabec CJ (2002) A comparison between state-of-the-art gilch and sulphinyl synthesised MDMO-PPV/PCBM bulk hetero-junction solar cells. Thin Solid Films 403-404 247... 

Yohannes T, Zhang F, Svensson M, Hummelen JC, Andersson MR, Ingantls O (2004) Polyfluorene copolymer based bulk heterojunction solar cells. Thin Solid Films 449 152... 

U. Zhokhavets, G. Gobsch, and S. Sensfuss. Phenylene-ethynylene/phen-ylene-vinylene hybrid polymers Optical and electrochemical characterization, comparison with poly[2-methoxy-5-(3, 7 -dimethyloctyloxy)-l,4-phenylene vinylene] and application in flexible polymer solar cells. Thin Solid Films, 474(1-2) 201-210, March 2005. 

G. Dennler, C. Lungenschmied, H. Neugebauer, N. S. Sariciftci, M. La-treche, G. Czeremuszkin, and M. R. Wertheimer. A new encapsulation solution for fiexible organic solar cells. Thin Solid Films, 511-512 349-353, July 2006. 

Schmidt-Mende, L., GraTzel, M., 2006. Ii02 pore-filling and its effect on the efficiency of soUd-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Thin SoUd Films 500,296-301. 

P. Boland, S. S. Sunkavalli, S. Chennuri, K. Foe, T. Abdel-Fattah, G. Namkoong, Investigation of Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Regioregular Poly(3-Hexylthiophene)/Fullerene Blend Nanocomposites for Organic Solar Cells. Thin Solid Films 2010,518,1728-1731. 

Dennler G, Lungenschmied C, Neugebauer H, Sariciftci NS, Latreche M, Czeremuszkin G, et al. A new encapsulation solution for flexible organic solar cells. Thin Solid Films 2006 511-512 349-53. 

Huang, H., et al. 2005. Properties of an alternating copolymer and its applications in LEDs and solar cells. Thin Solid Films 477 7. 

Zimmermann, B., M. Glatthaara, M. Niggemanna, M. Riedea, and A. Hinscha. 2005. Electroabsorption studies of organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Thin Solid Films 493 170-174. 

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