Practical and Theoretical Considerations

The range of bore sizes that falls within any given column category is not clearly defined. Several authors have attempted to classify bore sizes definitively.1,213 However, the column diameter recommendations of Sagli-ano et al.13 are generally followed, and they are listed in Table 8.1.14 

The speed of a chromatographic separation is fixed by the particle size, the stationary phase characteristics, the available pressure, the solvent viscosity, the solute diffusivity, the a values of the critical pair, and extracolumn dispersion. One way to achieve faster separations is to reduce the particle size of the stationary phase. However, if material of smaller diameter is packed into a conventional size column, the backpressure will become prohibitively high. Thus, in a compromise between speed and optimum performance, narrow ( 2 mm) columns packed with small 3-5 ju.m diameter particles have been developed. 

Despite the attraction of high-speed separations, the choice of whether to use standard-bore HPLC or small-bore HPLC is mostly governed by practical considerations (the need for a detector capable of providing positive identifications), environmental considerations (low solvent consumption), sample size considerations (small injection volumes), or price considerations (the need to use exotic solvents and expensive samples, such as DNA). Simple separations are best carried out in conventional short, wide columns, whereas more difficult separations can be achieved with the use of longer, narrower columns.15 However, difficulties arise when downscaling HPLC. The difficulties are divided into theoretical and practical considerations. 

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Eggers H.J. (1990) Experiments on antiviral activity of hand disinfectants. Some theoretical and practical considerations. ZentralblattBakt, 273, 36-51. 

The properties desired of an - ideal liquid phase arsj contradictory and a compromise must be reached between theoretical] and practical considerations (8,9). It is generally desirable for the liquid phase to have a wide temperature operating range. Ideally, this range would include all temperatures from the lowest to the highest used in 6LC, approximately -60 C to 400 C. Ho phasel... 

Murray BE, Hodel-Christian SL Bacterial resistance Theoretical and practical considerations, mutations to antibiotic resistance, characterization of R plasmid, and detection of plasmid-specific genes in Lorian V (ed) Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine, ed 4. Baltimore, Williams Wilkins, 1996. 

Ericson, C., and Hjerten, S. (1999). Reversed-phase electrochromatography of proteins on modified continuous beds using normal-flow and counterflow gradients. Theoretical and practical considerations. Anal. Chem. 71, 1621-1627. 

A D Hulst, N Verbeke. Quantitation in chiral capillary electrophoresis theoretical and practical considerations. Electrophoresis 15 854-863, 1994. 

Herscher LL, Cook JA, Pacelli R, et al. Principles of chemoradiation theoretical and practical considerations. Oncology (Huntingtj 1999 Oct 13(10 Suppl 5) 11-22. 

Solid salt particles may be produced by fusing the salt onto the wire by immersing the wire in a saturated solution of the salt and passing an electrical current through it. When the wire is heated, salt particles are produced. Theoretical and practical considerations for such generators are described by Fuchs and Sutugin (1970). 

Sutte, G. W., Mackowiak, C. L., Yorio, N. C., Wheeler, R. M. (1999). Theoretical and practical considerations of staggered crop production in a BLSS. Life Supp. Biosphere ScL, 6,287-291. 

Kontoyianni, M., Madhav, R, Suchanek, E., Seibel, W. (2008) Theoretical and practical considerations in virtual screening a beaten field Curr Med Chem 15, 107-116. 

Magos L, Webb M. 1978. Theoretical and practical considerations on the problem of metal-metal interaction. Environ Health Perspect 25 151-154. 

Kero, F. H., Pedder, R. E., and Yost, R. A. (2005). Quadrupole mass analyzers Theoretical and practical considerations. In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Part 3 Proteomics. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. 

CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF CATION EXCHANGE REACTIONS THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS... 

A carefully, comprehensively designed study facilitates study conduct. Two key elements of study conduct are sample collection and laboratory analysis. The choice of matrix depends on both theoretical and practical considerations. Those include the tissue most likely to represent the biomarker route of exposure and the ease of obtaining samples. Careful attention to collection and shipping from field to laboratory is a prerequisite for valid laboratory analysis. The choice of analytic laboratory methods is... 

Ruinatscha R, Hollrigl V et al (2006) Productivity of selective electroenzymatic reduction and oxidation reactions theoretical and practical considerations. Adv Synth Catal 348 2015-2026... 

He K et al (2008) N-in-1 dosing pharmacokinetics in drug discovery experience, theoretical and practical considerations. J Pharm Sci 97 2568-2580... 

Figure 1 shows a computational framework, representing many years of Braun s research and development efforts in pyrolysis technology. Input to the system is a data base including pilot, commercial and literature sources. The data form the basis of a pyrolysis reactor model consistent with both theoretical and practical considerations. Modern computational techniques are used in the identification of model parameters. The model is then incorporated into a computer system capable of handling a wide range of industrial problems. Some of the applications are reactor design, economic and flexibility studies and process optimization and control. 

In this section, an attempt is made to define the mathematical models of reactors encountered both in the laboratory and in industrial practice. Theoretical and practical considerations about reactors can be found in books on chemical kinetics [1—13], chemical reaction engineering [20— 31], or specialized books (see, for example, refs. 35—37 for pyrolysis reactors). 

Hang, W., Yan, X.M., Wayne, D.M. et al. (1999) Glow discharge source interfacing to mass analyzers Theoretical and practical considerations. Anal. Chem., 71 (15), 3231-7. 

The data form the basis of pyrolysis models consistent with both theoretical and practical considerations. The resulting models are integrated into a complete reactor simulation, which is then applied in design and optimization work. The simulation includes detailed models describing process-side heat and momentum transfer, thermophysical properties, and fired-side radiative heat transfer. 

This article will cover properties inherent to nanoparticles as well as methods for their production and use. Also, current and novel methods for viewing and characterizing nanoparticles will be discussed through theoretical and practical considerations. 

Reeves WG, Insulin antibody determination theoretical and practical considerations. Diabetologia 1983 24 399-403. 

Blackshear PJ, Rhode TD. Implantable infusion pumps for drug delivery in man theoretical and practical considerations. Horiz Biochem Biophys 1989 9 293-309. 

Pless I Theoretical and practical considerations in the measurement of outcome in Greuve G, Pless I (eds) Chronic Childhood Illness Assessment and Outcome. Washington, United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1974. 

In a first part, the application of combinatorial chemistry to heterogeneous catalysis is analysed in terms of current strategies and perspectives on the industrial and academic levels. Potential methodologies for academic research laboratories are proposed with emphasis on both theoretical and practical considerations. 

Other important toxicological con tarn in ants that can be found in waste-waters are metals. Toxic heavy metal ions are introduced to aquatic streams by means of various industrial activities viz. nfrning, refining ores, fertilizer industries, tanneries, batteries, paper industries, pesticides, etc., and possess a serious threat to the environment. The major toxic metal ions hazardous to humans as well as other forms of hfe are Cr, Fe, Se, V, Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Zn, etc. These heavy metals are of specific concern due to their toxicity, bioaccumulation tendency, and persistency in nature [190]. The SLM technique has been widely apphed for the transport and recovery of almost ah important metals from various matrices an exceUent review of ah aspect of metal permeation through SLM (covering both theoretical and practical considerations) is available [191]. Here, only some selected recent examples of the use of SLM for metal separation whl be presented. 

Jones, M.R. (2006) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)—Theoretical and Practical Considerations, Power... 

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