The United Kingdom

In this chapter we consider the role of OELs in the system for regulating the management of risks of hazardous substances in UK workplaces. As in several other countries, regulatory status was attributed to OELs in the 1980s in the UK. But perhaps more than in other countries, the limitations of this regulatory role have been the subject of considerable scrutiny and policy change. 

In 1972 die Committee of Inquiry on Safety and Health at Work - the Robens Committee - produced a report which heralded a si fic t change of approach in British health and safety regulation (Robens 1972). It recommended the introduction of measures that would  

However, not siSX its j rovisiGns the lesidt of the Itobens commendations. For 

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In the United Kingdom For a complete lisi of books available from Penguin in the U.K., please write to Dept E.P., Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UB70DA... 

These white oils are subject to specifications from various organizations Codex in France, British Pharmacopoeia" (BP) in the United Kingdom, and National Formulary (NF) in the USA. 

In the United Kingdom, the IP (Institute of Petroleum), for which most of the texts, but not all, are taken as British standards with the reference, BS (British Standard). 

Among the official standards organizations are in France, AFNOR (Association Frangaise de Normalisation)-, in the United Kingdom, BSI (British... 

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

In recent years a new approach to contracting has evolved and Is gaining rapid acceptance In the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS). The concept has become known as partnering and can be seen as a progression of the incentive contract. Whilst the previously described contractual arrangements are restricted to a single well project... 

The other type of x-ray source is an electron syncluotron, which produces an extremely intense, highly polarized and, in the direction perpendicular to the plane of polarization, highly collimated beam. The energy spectrum is continuous up to a maximum that depends on the energy of the accelerated electrons, so that x-rays for diffraction experiments must either be reflected from a monochromator crystal or used in the Laue mode. Whereas diffraction instruments using vacuum tubes as the source are available in many institutions worldwide, there are syncluotron x-ray facilities only in a few major research institutions. There are syncluotron facilities in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Genuany and Japan. 

As with synchrotron x-rays, neutron diffraction facilities are available at only a few major research institutions. There are research reactors with diffraction facilities in many countries, but the major ones are in North America, Europe and Australia. The are fewer spallation sources, but there are major ones in the United States and the United Kingdom. 

Lead azide is not readily dead-pressed, ie, pressed to a point where it can no longer be initiated. However, this condition is somewhat dependent on the output of the mixture used to ignite the lead azide and the degree of confinement of the system. Because lead azide is a nonconductor, it may be mixed with flaked graphite to form a conductive mix for use in low energy electric detonators. A number of different types of lead azide have been prepared to improve its handling characteristics and performance and to decrease sensitivity. In addition to the dextrinated lead azide commonly used in the United States, service lead azide, which contains a minimum of 97% lead azide and no protective colloid, is used in the United Kingdom. Other varieties include colloidal lead azide (3—4 pm), poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated lead azide, and British RE) 1333 and RE) 1343 lead azide which is precipitated in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (88—92). 

Ma.nufa.cture. The two most common processes for making RDX and HMX use hexamethylenetetramine (hexamine) as starting material. The Woolwich or direct nitrolysis process used ia the United Kingdom proceeds according to ... 

The acquisition of the rights to the viscose process became one of the most profitable investments of aU time. Interest in the new fiber was intense, and growth of production capacity was exponential. By 1907, the Courtauld company was selling aU the artificial sHk it could produce and proceeded to expand into the U.S. market. In 1910 they formed the American Viscose Co. and in 1911 started the first U.S. viscose factory at Marcus Hook. By 1939, Courtaulds had six factories in the United States, seven in the United Kingdom, one in Erance, one in Canada, and joint ventures in Germany and Italy. 

Cylindrica.1 Presses. Another group of filters that utili2e the variable chamber principle are those with a cylindrical filter surface. There are two designs in this category, both of which originate from the United Kingdom. 

Mechanical Cake Removal. This method is used in the American version of the dynamic filter described under cross-flow filtration with rotating elements, where turbine-type rotors are used to limit the cake thickness at low speeds. The Exxflow filter, introduced in the United Kingdom, is described in more detail under cross-flow filtration in porous pipes. It uses, among other means, a roUer cleaning system which periodically roUs over a curtain of flexible pipes and dislodges any cake on the inside of the pipes. The cake is then flushed out of the curtain by the internal flow. 

Portugal, South Africa, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. This can cause difficulty when trading with these countries. Although these countries have no codified legislation, they have definite ideas as to what can be used. It is best to consult with the specific agencies in these countries before selling flavors or foods to these countries. 

Manufacturers. Besides manufacturers in the United States, commercial fluorine plants are operating in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom (see Table 5). Fluorine is also produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union) however, details regarding its manufacture, production volumes, etc, are regarded as secret information. The total commercial production capacity of fluorine in the United States and Canada is estimated at over 5000 t/yr, of which 70—80% is devoted to uranium hexafluoride production. Most of the gas is used in captive uranium-processing operations. 

Historically, the annual consumption of nickel fluoride was on the order of a few metric tons. Usage is droppiag because nickel fluoride is Hsted ia the EPA and TSCA s toxic substance iaventory. Nickel fluoride tetrahydrate is packaged ia 200—500-lb (90.7—227-kg) dmms and the 1993 price was 22/kg. Small quantities for research and pilot-plant work are available from Advance Research Chemicals, Aldrich Chemicals, Johnson/Matthey, Pfalt2 and Bauer, PCR, and Strem Chemicals of the United States, Fluorochem of the United Kingdom, and Morita of Japan. 

LPC Processes. Process development for LPC production dates from the United Kingdom and Hungary from 1920—1940 (89,90). Table 9 presents some of the processing methods that are used or under development in the 1990s. 

Guidelines for the Blood Transfusion Services in the United Kingdom, National Institute For Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, 1992. 

Consumption in the fmit drink/nectar market varies widely from country to country. In the United States juice consumption is 73% vs only 27% for drink/nectar consumption. In Japan the reverse is tme with drink/nectar accounting for 73% of the market. In the United Kingdom, 80% of the market is derived from fmit juice, but in Europe as a whole, drink/nectar outsells pure juice by 30% (12). 

The Vickers hardness test, developed in the United Kingdom, is more popular there than in the United States. VHN (Vickers hardness number) and DPH (diamond pyramid hardness) are synonymous terms. 

Economic Aspects. Production of indium has been reported from Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Pern, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as countries in the CIS (the former Soviet Union) (5). 

Hard coal is more important ia most of the western European countries with the exception of Austria and Italy. No lignitic coal production was iadicated ia 1989 for the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, and the United Kingdom (24). 

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