The Panhandle

The principal source of helium is certain natural gas fields. The helium contents of more than 10,000 natural gases in various parts of the world have been measured (9). Helium concentrations of a few are Hsted in Table 2. In the United States, recovery of helium is economical only for helium-rich gases containing more than about 0.3 vol % belium. Most of the United States helium resources are located in the midcontinent and Rocky Mountain regions, and about 89% of the known United States supply is in the Hugoton field in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas the Keyes field in Oklahoma the Panhandle and Cliffside fields in Texas and the Riley Ridge area in Wyoming (11). 

For long distance gas transmission and large diameter pipelines, various forms of the Panhandle formula are widely used. One variation, the modified Panhandle formula, is given by... 

The West Panhandle Gas Field is in the panhandle of Texas. Atmospheric pressure in the area averages about 13.2 psia. What are the standard conditions used to calculate gas quantities... 

The composition of natural gas varies with the source, but essentially is made up of methane, ethane, propane, and other paraffinic hydrocarbons, along with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and. in some deposits, helium. Natural gas is found underground at various depths and pressures, as well as in solution with crude-oil deposits. Principal gas deposits are found in the United States, Canada, the former Soviet Bloc, and the Middle East. The analysis of a gas sample taken from the Panhandle natural gas field in Texas is given in Table 1. Because numerous parts of the earth do not have natural gas at all, or where supply is less than demand, much natural gas is transported, notably by pipeline in the gaseous or liquid phase and across the seas in specially-designed LNG (liquefied natural gas) earners. 

However, this extremely ambitious plan could easily cost 10 billion or more, and the difficult financing environment of 2008 has put future funding in doubt, according to a statement by Pickens in December 2008. Mesa earlier announced that it had placed an order with GE for 667 wind turbines in May 2008, with delivery expected in 2010 and 2011. Meanwhile, Texas authorities have expressed an interest in supporting development of wind turbines in the Panhandle area by assisting in the development of billions of dollars worth of transmission lines to bring the electricity into major Texas cities. 

OxbmghER, O Nions RK, Hill RI (1986) Helium isotopes in sedimentary basins. Nature 324 632-635 Ozima M, Podosek FA (1983) Noble gas geochemistry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Pierce AP, Gott GB, Mytton JW (1964) Uranium and helium in the Panhandle gas field, Texas, and adjacent areas. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap 454-G 1-57... 

Subsequent to the designation, a 1983 detailed lead study was carried out and since 1985, annual PbB screenings focused on children 9 years old and younger have been done by the Panhandle Health District/Shoshone County, ID, with cooperation of the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (IDHW). 

An important part of the statistical and epidemiological assessments of Bunker HiU children was the impact of treatment modality on children s PbB levels. This was done using a mixed model repeat measures analysis comparing two exposure control methods over the period 1989—1998. Treatments consisted of either yard soil Pb reduction or public health interventions without soil removal by the Panhandle Health District, using the various methods described earlier. Table 23.5 notes comparative data for selected years plus data for aU years combined, and compares control pre-and post-PbB with exposed pre- and post-PbB values for the indicated year. 

Model use in the many analyses done inside and outside the Box areas but within the CDARB also involved adjustments to the lEUBK model default settings based on relative concordance with measured PbB values. Unlike many site cases where the only empirical data set for comparison with this model s simulated PbB outputs is an isolated PbB screening, the Box communities have been the beneficiaries of annual extensive PbB monitoring by the Panhandle Health District, with more than 5,000 measurements systematically and reliably gathered. This large body of measurement data makes the calibration exercise for the model much more reliable. 

Panhandle A Equation. This equation is best used for pipelines with Reynolds numbers in the range of 5 x 10 to 11 x 10 . The average pipeline efficiency factor used in this equation is 92 percent. This number is based on actual empirical experience with the metered gas flow rates corrected to standard conditions. For larger diameter pipelines, the pipeline efficiency factor can be as high as 98 percent. With this equation, pipeline efficiency factors should be reduced for smaller pipe diameters. The Panhandle A Equation provides a reasonable approximation for partially turbulent flow. For fully turbulent flow, this equation does not produce accurate results, hi the fully turbulent flow region, the Panhandle B Equation is recommended. 

Pipecalc 2.0, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. Note Pipecalc 2.0 will calculate the compressibility factor, minimum pipe ID, upstream pressure, downstream pressure, and flow rate for Panhandle A, Panhandle B, Weymouth, AGA, and Colebrook-White equations. The flow rates calculated in the above sample calculations will differ slightly from those calculated with Pipecalc 2.0 since the viscosity used in the examples was extracted from Figure 5, p. 147. Pipecalc uses the Dranchuk et al. method for calculating gas compressibility. 

For larger pressure drops in long lines of a mile or greater in length than noted above, use methods presented with the Weymouth, Panhandle Gas formulas, or the simplified compressible flow equation. 

If the pressure drop in a pipeline is less than 40% of Pla then the Darcy-Weisbach incompressible flow calculation may be more accurate than the Weymouth or Panhandles A and B for a short pipe or low flow. In main pipelines, compressible flow calculations are generally used. 

Mesa Power LLC, headed by legendary energy investor T. Boone Pickens, has been making headlines with its plans for a vast wind farm, the Pampa Wind Project, in the Texas panhandle that may eventually include 2,700 wind turbines generating 4,000 megawatts of electricity. Pickens is... 

Hebb, E. A., and A. F. Clew ell. 1976. A remnant stand of old-growth slash pine in the Florida Panhandle. Bull, of the Torrey Bot. Club 103 1-9. 

In the United States, two ammonia pipelines deliver ammonia to the Mississippi delta and to the Texas and Oklahoma panhandle region. Direct sales by basic producers are generally at wholesale prices. Basic producers also sell to distributors and jobbers for resale to end users buying smaller quantities. Distributors of ammonia to industrial end users have their own storage facilities, packaging plants and distribution networks. They are able to supply end users that buy in less-than-truckload quantities (a minimum of 1,000 to 2,000 pounds or 450 to 910 kilograms) or in cylinders or bottles57. 

Figure 2.25 Subhydrostatic groundwater pressures in Cretaceous D and J sandstones in northeastern Colorado and Nebraska panhandle USA (after Belitz and Bredehoeft, 1988. Reprinted by permission of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists).

Bennett (1939) describes a dust storm that occurred in early February 1937 that originated in the Texas-Oklahoma panhandle. Dust from this storm was carried over 800 km and deposited on large areas of ice and snow in the midwestern U.S.A. and in Canada. Subsequent precipitation resulted in a thick layer of dust sandwiched between ice and snow. 

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