Panhandle

The principal source of helium is certain natural gas fields. The helium contents of more than 10,000 natural gases in various parts of the world have been measured (9). Helium concentrations of a few are Hsted in Table 2. In the United States, recovery of helium is economical only for helium-rich gases containing more than about 0.3 vol % belium. Most of the United States helium resources are located in the midcontinent and Rocky Mountain regions, and about 89% of the known United States supply is in the Hugoton field in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas the Keyes field in Oklahoma the Panhandle and Cliffside fields in Texas and the Riley Ridge area in Wyoming (11). 

E = efficiency factor. (See Panhandle nomenclature for suggested efficiency factors)... 

Pipecalc 2.0, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. Note Pipecalc 2.0 will calculate the compressibility factor, minimum pipe ID, upstream pressure, downstream pressure, and flow rate for Panhandle A, Panhandle B, Weymouth, AGA, and Colebrook-White equations. The flow rates calculated in the above sample calculations will differ slightly from those calculated with Pipecalc 2.0 since the viscosity used in the examples was extracted from Figure 5, p. 147. Pipecalc uses the Dranchuk et al. method for calculating gas compressibility. 

Equivalent Lengths for Multiple Lines Based on Panhandle A... 

For larger pressure drops in long lines of a mile or greater in length than noted above, use methods presented with the Weymouth, Panhandle Gas formulas, or the simplified compressible flow equation. 

American Gas Association method, 121 Complex pipe systems, 122 Low pressure air, steam, 131 Panhandle formula, 120, 121 Panhandle-A formula, 121 Parallel system, 122 Series system, 122 Transmission factors, 120 Weymouth formula, 120 Flowsheet symbols, 17... 

For long distance gas transmission and large diameter pipelines, various forms of the Panhandle formula are widely used. One variation, the modified Panhandle formula, is given by... 

Various Panhandle equations have been used in natural gas transmission applications (F4, R5, S5, Zl). 

The West Panhandle Gas Field is in the panhandle of Texas. Atmospheric pressure in the area averages about 13.2 psia. What are the standard conditions used to calculate gas quantities... 

The composition of natural gas varies with the source, but essentially is made up of methane, ethane, propane, and other paraffinic hydrocarbons, along with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and. in some deposits, helium. Natural gas is found underground at various depths and pressures, as well as in solution with crude-oil deposits. Principal gas deposits are found in the United States, Canada, the former Soviet Bloc, and the Middle East. The analysis of a gas sample taken from the Panhandle natural gas field in Texas is given in Table 1. Because numerous parts of the earth do not have natural gas at all, or where supply is less than demand, much natural gas is transported, notably by pipeline in the gaseous or liquid phase and across the seas in specially-designed LNG (liquefied natural gas) earners. 

TABLE 1. ANALYSIS OF NATURAL GAS FROM NATURAL GAS FIELD IN TEXAS PANHANDLE... 

Equation 10, modified Panhandle volumetric flowrate of gas in pipe (production function of moving gas through pipeline)... 

If the pressure drop in a pipeline is less than 40% of Pla then the Darcy-Weisbach incompressible flow calculation may be more accurate than the Weymouth or Panhandles A and B for a short pipe or low flow. In main pipelines, compressible flow calculations are generally used. 

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