Economic Unions

Siegers, G. and A. Claeys Instrumental neutron-activation analysis of raw tobacco leaves imported in the Belgian-Luxembourg economic union Med. Fac. Landouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniv. Gent 44 (1979) 1139-1148. 

But it seems now that economic union will precede political union which, in turn, will precede industrial union. 

Simply put, capitalism is spreading around the world—if not full-blown capitalism, at least the introduction of market forces, freer trade, and widespread deregulation. It s happening in the former Communist countries, in the developing world of Latin American and Asia, and even in the industrialized West, with economic union in Europe and the Free Trade agreement in North America,... 

The European Union (EU) contains 28 member states that are mainly located in Europe. It is a political-economic union that operates through a system where negotiated decisions are made by the member states. This system is comprised of various state governments and institutions like the European Commission, the European Council, the European Central Bank, the European Parliament, etc. The European Parliament is elected every 5 years by the EU citizens. The European Union was formally established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty [1]. Its start is traced back to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC). 

The European Union is a political-economic union that operates through a system where negotiated decisions are made by member states, many of which are located in Europe. Today the EU has some of the most progressive environmental policies in the world that extend to all areas of environmental protection. 

Some suppliers of plant raw material are now able to certify that they are supplying organically-farmed medicinal plants, herbs and spices. The Economic Union directive (CVO/EU No. 2092/91) details the specifications for the obligatory quality controls to be carried out at all stages of production and processing of organic products. 

The European Economic Union has begun to publish standardized tests for disinfection these are promulgated by the Standard European Commission 216 and will become part of the European Biocides Directive. A pan-European test will replace the corresponding national tests after publication in the Official Journal of the European Community. 

The European Economic Community, which was an economic union of States, had it genesis in the Treaty of Rome of 25 March 1957, and became the European... 

Economic unions are common markets with more integration and common policies snch as the Common Agricnltnral Policy (CAP) of the EU. There is also a common cnrrency and exchange rate for most members. 

The pressure equipment directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in May 1997. It harmonises the national laws of the 15 Member States of the European Union relating to equipment subject to the pressure risk. That directive is one of the series of technical harmonisation directives such as for machinery, medical devices, simple pressure vessels, gas appliances and so on, which were foreseen by the Communities programme for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. It therefore aims to ensure the free placing on the market and putting into service of the equipment concerned within the European Union and the European Economic Area. At the same time it permits a flexible regulatory environment, allowing European industry to develop new techniques increasing thereby its international competitiveness. 

Economic Aspects. Production of indium has been reported from Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Pern, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as countries in the CIS (the former Soviet Union) (5). 

Economic Aspects. Isophorone was available at 1.87/kg ia October 1994. The sole domestic producer of isophorone is Union Carbide however, Hbls is by far the largest isophorone producer ia the world. Other significant producers are Hsted ia Table 9. Despite the erosion of some of the historical solvent uses of isophorone, the expanding derivatives market for this product appear to sustain its production ia the short term. 

Table 5. Members of the European Union (EU) and the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)...

In 1994, the former European Economic Community (EEC or EC) became the European Union. It originated as the Common Market created by the Treaty of Paris ia 1951 and the Treaty of Rome ia 1958. Greece joined in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1984, and Austria, Einland, and Sweden in 1994. 

Propane, 1-propanol, and heavy ends (the last are made by aldol condensation) are minor by-products of the hydroformylation step. A number of transition-metal carbonyls (qv), eg, Co, Fe, Ni, Rh, and Ir, have been used to cataly2e the oxo reaction, but cobalt and rhodium are the only economically practical choices. In the United States, Texas Eastman, Union Carbide, and Hoechst Celanese make 1-propanol by oxo technology (11). Texas Eastman, which had used conventional cobalt oxo technology with an HCo(CO)4 catalyst, switched to a phosphine-modified Rh catalyst ia 1989 (11) (see Oxo process). In Europe, 1-propanol is made by Hoechst AG and BASE AG (12). 

Rosin and its derivatives are economically the most important natural resins. Approximately 1150 x 10 metric tons of these materials are produced annually and sold throughout the world. The principal producers are the People s RepubHc of China (ca 40%) and the United States (ca 25%), followed by Russia. Most of the remainder is produced in Indonesia, Portugal, Finland, India, Bra2il, and Mexico. In 1996, the lowest grades of rosin were priced at 750/t. Most rosin is converted to its many derivatives to meet requirements for industrial appHcations. The principal producers of rosin derivatives are Ari2ona Chemical Company, Hercules Incorporated, Westvaco, Union Camp, and Georgia-Pacific. 

J. Harrod and V. Thorpe, Asbestos, Politics and Economics of a Eethal Product, International Eederation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers Unions, Geneva, Swit2erland, 1984. 

Economic Aspects. CMC is the most widely used cellulose ether. Excluding the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries, from which httie data are available, world consumption of cmde and purified grades totaled approximately 123,000 metric tons in 1987 (Table 2). Annual growth rate is nominal at 1—2%. The total volume in the United States declined in the 1980s from —32,000 metric tons in 1981 to —19,500 in 1987 because of decreased oil well drilling activity, an important outiet. 

Ethylene oxide has been produced commercially by two basic routes the ethylene chlorohydrin and direct oxidation processes. The chlorohydrin process was first iatroduced dufing World War I ia Germany by Badische Anilin-und Soda-Eabfik (BASE) and others (95). The process iavolves the reaction of ethylene with hypochlorous acid followed by dehydrochlofination of the resulting chlorohydrin with lime to produce ethylene oxide and calcium chloride. Union Carbide Corp. was the first to commercialize this process ia the United States ia 1925. The chlorohydrin process is not economically competitive, and was quickly replaced by the direct oxidation process as the dominant technology. At the present time, all the ethylene oxide production ia the world is achieved by the direct oxidation process. 

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