The Entry Permit

A confined-space entry permit, which should be posted at each entry point to the confined space, should meet all the general permit requirements and should also 

The names of those authorized to enter the confined space. 

The name of the attendants (buddies) at the entry to the confined space. Suitably trained rescue personnel and equipment must be readily available to respond to the work site. Procedures for summoning the rescue services must be understood by all personnel who will enter the confined space. Communication procedures between entrants and attendants. 

Hazards of the space, including possible changes in the atmosphere that may occur as a result of the work itself. For example, if a coating is being applied, then the fiunes could affect the air quality. 

At all times, the confined-space work entrances should be posted with a sign reading DANGER—PERMIT-REQUIRED CONHNED SPACE, DO NOT ENTER.  

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A man was overcome by fumes while removing residues from a tank with a high-pressure water jet. When the entry permit was issued, no one realized that fumes might be evolved when the residue was was disturbed [14]. 

Any electrical equipment connected to the column should be locked out and any radiation sources should be removed or shielded. The mere removal of fuses is unsatisfactory, as fiises can easily be (inadvertently) replaced. Ignition sources should be removed from the vicinity of the column. Any exceptions (e.g., electric lighting equipment) should be carefully examined and clearly stated on the entry permit. 

A fresh entry permit should be issued each day and no entry should take place before its issue. To ensure that there can be no misunderstanding about this, a copy of the entry permit should be posted at the tank entry point. 

Signs the entry permit to authorize entry into the PRCS. 

Terminates PRCS entry operations and cancels the entry permit upon ... 

Document the determinations made and the actions taken by entering this information in the entry permit as required by 1926.1214(a). 

Before permit space entry operations begin, has the entry supervisor identified on the permit signed the entry permit to authorize entry ... 

The advantages of having a properly trained attendant are significant. They can review the permit and ensure it is filled out properly. They can review the tasks to be performed and PPE required for the job. They will know that a welder will need a Hot Work Permit in addition to the Confined Space Entry permit, as well as a fire watch and proper fire-suppression equipment. The attendant can also deny access to anyone who does not meet the aiteria set forth on the permit, does not have proper PPE or training, is not listed on the entry permit or if there is an atmospheric condition that has changed the classification of (he space. 

If the conditions in a confined space change at any time, the entry permit must be reissued. 

Instruct occupants to leave the confined space if any conditions change such that the entry permit is invaUdated. 

What records The entry permit at 1910.146(f) lists the elements required Training certification must include o each employee s name o signature or initials of the trainers, o dates of training... 

Not all existing procedures or program elements of the overall health and safety program need to be incorporated into the HASP. For example, if noise is a hazard, the plan does not have to cite the entire hearing conservation program. Procedures already established elsewhere may be referenced, as applicable. In another example, if a confined-space-entry procedure is required, the HASP could reference the particular procedure which is part of the overall program. The next step would be to identify confined spaces at the worksite where the procedure applies, and then provide appropriate implementation procedures (e.g., conditions to be monitored, evaluation of the space, issuance of an entry permit). If special operational procedures apply to the worksite, they can be attached to the HASP using an appendix. 

Employees stated that they had received confined space training and were prepared to perform confined space rescue, but they had not rehearsed rescue procedures. In addition, the confined space entry permit form for both contractors did not ask for all required information. For example, the form did not require documentation of the duration for the permit, the intended communications procedures for entry operations, or documentation of hot work performed during confined space entry operations. Completed permits did not contain documentation of hot work performed during confined space entry operations, even though hot work had been performed during such operations at least twice during the project. 

The hazards of management-controlled nonroutine work in the process areas must be communicated to affected individuals. The work permit prescribes the procedures that must be followed to get the permit. Work authorization procedures specify lockout/tagout, line breaking., confined space entry, and hot work authorization through clear steps leading to job completion, closure, and return to normal. 

Entry The breaking of the plane by any part of the body at the opening of a space that requires an entry permit. 

The welders should have known that they should never enter a vessel until they or their foreman has checked that the vessel is isolated. by slip-plates or disconnection, and has accepted (and signed) an entry permit. Power supplies should have been disconnected, or if merely locked off, each person entering should have added his or her personal lock and kept the key. It is hard to believe that this was the first time normal good practice had not been followed. The management system was at fault. 

On the day of the accident, an instrument meehanic entered a 2-m tank to adjust the instruments. There was no written entry permit because the people concerned believed, mistakenly, that entry permits were not required in a new plant until water or process fluids had been introdueed. Although the tank was only 6 ft tall and had an open manhole at the top, the meehanic collapsed. An engineer arrived at the vessel about five minutes later to see how the Job was getting on. He saw the mechanic lying on the bottom, climbed in to rescue him, and was overcome as soon as he bent down. 

Once a vessel has been connected up to any process or service line, the full permit-to-work and entry procedure should be followed. In the present case, this should have started eight weeks before the incident. And the nitrogen line should have been disconnected or slip-plated where it entered the vessel. 

When the plant is still in the hands of construction, the nonual permit-to-work procedure is not necessary, but an entry permit system should be in force. Before anyone enters a vessel, it should be inspected by a competent, experienced person who will certify that it is isolated and free from danger. While a tank is being built, when the walls reach a certain height (say, greater than the diameter) the... 

Where such internal inspection work is carried, out a safety checklist and processes for confined space entry permit system and tag-out/lock-out MUST be undertaken before any person enters the boiler. The inspection of waterside surfaces should be carried out by a suitable qualified person and will benefit from employing either an instant camera or a video camera (Horoscope or similar fiberoptic-based device) to record any parts of the boiler where corrective action is needed. 

A single unstable compound of known composition is placed in the main first volume and is located on the basis of its empirical molecular formula expressed in the Hill system used by Chemical Abstracts (C and H if present, then all other element symbols alphabetically). The use of this indexing basis permits a compound to be located if its structure can be drawn, irrespective of whether a valid name is known for it. A representation of the structure of each compound is given on the third bold title line while the name of the compound appears as the first bold title line. References to the information source are given, followed by a statement of the observed hazard, with any relevant explanation. Cross-reference to similar compounds, often in a group entry, completes the entry. See Trifluoroacetyl nitrite p. 244. 

Substrate availability to the cell is affected by the supply of raw materials from the environment. The plasma membranes of cells incorporate special and often specific transport proteins (translocases) or pores that permit the entry of substrates into the cell interior. Furthermore pathways in eukaryotic cells are often compartmentalized within cytoplasmic organelles by intracellular membranes. Thus we find particular pathways associated with the mitochondria, the lysosomes, the peroxisomes, the endoplasmic reticulum for example. Substrate utilization is limited therefore by its localization at the site of need within the cell and a particular substrate will be effectively concentrated within a particular organelle. The existence of membrane transport mechanisms is crucial in substrate delivery to, and availability at, the site of use. 

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