The communicative use of speech

We have shown in the previous sections how the vocal organs can organise into a rich variety of configurations which in turn can produce a rich variety of speech sounds. We have also seen that the differences in vocal organ configurations can produce patterns which are discernible in the acoustic signal and representations derived from it. We now turn to the question of how this capability can be used to communicate. 

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Gran strom, B. The use of speech synthesis in exploring different speaking styles. Speech Communication 11, 4-5 (1992), 347-355. 

The communicative task represents the communicative activities of operators conducted for operation and situation handling of the power plants, such as information exchange between operators and instructions. The communicative classification table presented in the Extended Speech Act Coding Scheme developed by Kim was used for classification of the communicative task. [Kim et al., 2010]. Finally, the operational task represents the behavior which operators take to conduct the cognitive activities and it was newly defined in this research depending on the necessity. 

Oil of Mercury powerfully affects the nervous system, respiratory system, and liver. It is used for treating skin problems, soothing the nerves, asthma and related breathing problems. It promotes sensory awareness and quickens perceptions. It is also useful for speech problems and other troubles with communication skills. 

Patients also develop cognitive disruption so that speech and written communication is affected, that is they may use a string of words with no rational meaning. Many schizophrenic patients describe religious experiences, such as hearing the word of God, or claim particular artistic sensitivity, for example they understand the hidden meaning of poems, novels, pictures and so on. 

The facepiece, in addition to protecting the face, is the carrier for the functional, sub-assembly components. The size and location of these requires very careful consideration to ensure not only that they all work properly together, but also that they do not interfere with the use of other equipment, e.g. optical, communications and weapons systems. For example, reducing the snout profile will minimize its intrusion into the visual field and allow better access to confined spaces, but will reduce the space available for other components. Keeping the cheek profiles smooth will allow better use of shoulder-held and fired weapons, but means that components, such as speech modules and filters, cannot be mounted... 

Become comfortable with some silence. Discomfort with silence tempts speakers to fill every second with words or sounds. This trait manifests itself in vocalized pauses such as uh , repeated use of like and you know , hooking sentences together with and , and failure to use pauses for effect. Listen to a recording of yourself practicing the speech to see if you have these tendencies. Listeners do not expect a perfectly fluent speech, but speakers should work to communicate as smoothly as possible. 

Unfortunately, the speaker who wishes to use interactive communication faces a dilemma. Conversational communication has the qualities of spontaneity, informality, and continual interaction among communicators these qualities appear more when the speaker speaks naturally rather than reciting memorized material. On the other hand, effective language has qualities such as clarity, conciseness, correctness, variety, and vivacity, achieving these qualities usually requires forethought, revision of a speech, and adherence to what one has planned to say. Overcoming this dilemma requires the use of various styles of speaker communication to best advantage. 

Communication a. Delay in, or total lack of the development of spoken language. b. In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairments in initiating or sustaining a conversation with others. c. Stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language. d. Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play. 

Once you are out of college, you will find that the essay is the basis of nonfiction books, newspaper and magazine articles, speeches, legal briefs and opinions, and persuasive business communications. Regardless of what profession you choose to enter, you are going to be called on to use the principles you learned in writing the essay to present your ideas to others. 

AAC system outputs in common use are speech, displays, printers, beeps, data, infrared, and other control formats. Outputs are used to facilitate the interactive nature of real time communication. Users may rely on auditory and visual feedback to enhance vocabulary selection and the construction of messages. The speech and display outputs may be directed toward the communication partner to support the exchange of information. Auditory feedback such as beeps and key clicks, while useful to the individual using the system, also provide the communication partner with the pragmatic information that a user is in the process of generating a message. Finally, outputs may be used to control other items or devices such as printers. 

Tadoma is a method of communication used by a few people in the deaf-blind community and is of theoretical importance for the development of tactual auditory substitution devices. While sign language requires training by both sender and receiver, in Tadoma, the sender speaks normally. The trained receiver places his or her hands on the face and neck of the sender to monitor lip and jaw movements, airflow at the lips, and vibration of the neck (Reed et al., 1992). Experienced users achieve 80% keyword recognition of everyday speech at a rate of 3 syllables per second. Using no instrumentation, this is the highest speech communication rate recorded for any tactual-only communication system. 

The inability to express oneself through either speech or writing is perhaps the most limiting of physical disabilities. Meaningful participation in life requires the communication of information, desires, needs, feelings, and aspirations. The lack of full interpersonal communication results from a variety of congenital and acquired disabilities, including but not limited to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aphasia, autism, brain injury, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson s disease. Also, the use of natural speech to communicate maybe interrupted due to hospitalization. The complex communication disorders associated with these conditions substantially reduce an individual s quality of life and potential for education, employment, and independence. 

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