Speech sounds

Speech-Sounds Perception (SSP) and Seashore Rhythm Test (SRT)... 

Category Test 67 total errors Speech-Sounds Perception 3 errors Seashore Rhythm 30 raw I ranked score Revised Vlechsler Memory Test ... 

Category Test >3 total errors Speech-Sounds Perception 4 errors... 

Category Test 23 total errors Speech-Sounds Perception 1 error... 

Figure 4. The maximum group size for a conversation in which all members are able to clearly discriminate speech sounds spoken at normal voice levels by all speakers, plotted against speech interference levels. The lower line (for d = 100cm) is drawn by extrapolation from the other two lines, d is the inter-individual distance measured nose-to-nose between adjacent individuals on the circumference of the circle. Source redrawn from Cohen 1971 (Fig. 7.1)...

The dots vibrate, making oboe-like sounds and moans. Could this be what 4-D speech sounds like as it intersects your world ... 

Receptor processes must also be selective. You can usually carry on a conversation with one person at a party if the overall noise is not too loud because you can select his or her speech sounds over the many speech sounds available in the room and focus on some to get the desired information. The reception process and the selection process in the ear do not involve the same mechanical and neural parts, but for the sake of simplicity, we will talk of reception processes as including the selectivity factor and the conversion factor. 

For recruitment compensation, on the other hand, longer release times are desired to minimize any deleterious effects of the compression on the speech envelope[Plomp, 1988] [Boothroyd et al., 1988] or in modulating the background noise[Cole, 1993] [Neuman et al., 1995], Low compression ratios are often chosen to match the dynamic range of the impaired ear to that of a normal ear, and a low compression threshold is often chosen so that speech sounds at any level of presentation can be perceived above the impaired auditory threshold [Waldhauer and Villchur, 1988][Killion, 1993],... 

Several techniques have been proposed for modifying the shape of the short-time spectrum so as to emphasize those portions deemed to be important for speech perception or to reduce the amplitude of those portions assumed to be noise. One approach is adaptive comb filtering[Lim et al., 1978], In this method, the fundamental frequency of voiced speech sounds is estimated, and a comb fdter is then constructed to pass signal power in the regions of the pitch harmonics and to suppress power in the valleys in between. Experimental results with normal-hearing subjects, however, have shown no significant improvement in intelligibility with this type of system [Perlmutter et al., 1977][Lim et al., 1978],... 

The choice of optimum compression parameters to maximize speech intelligibility or speech quality is still open to contention. Rapid attack time constants (less than 5 ms) are accepted in the industry and also by researchers to prevent transients from saturating the output power amplifier. Arguments for fast release times (less than 20 ms), also termed syllabic compression, are based on considerations of the syllabic variations in speech and the desire to amplify soft speech sounds on a nearly instantaneous basis... 

Golestani N, Molko N, Dehaene S, LeBihan D, Pallier C. 2007. Brain structure predicts the learning of foreign speech sounds. Cereb Cortex 17(3) 575-582. 

Yamasue H, Yamada H, Yumoto M, Kamio S, Kudo N, et al. 2004. Abnormal association between reduced magnetic mismatch field to speech sounds and smaller left planum temporale volume in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 22(2) 720-727. 

The consensus trance induction process probably begins before birth. The neurochemical balances of the mother s body may affect the fetus in some cases, reflecting emotional states. Recent research has also shown that speech sounds are heard very well in the womb, so the structure of the language of the culture, as well as the kind of emotional states reflected by shouting, excitement, etc., may have some effect on the fetus. 

Hearing and Speech Threshold factors (UA. UT, UU) Speech Sound Discrimination (US) General Sound Discrimination (U3) Sound—Frequency Discriminalion (U5) Sound-Intensity/ Duration Discrimination (U6) Musical Discrimin-nation Judgment (Ul. U9) Resistance lo Auditory Stimulus Distortion (UR) Temporal Tracking (UK)... 

The difTerent number of letters in different alphabets, the difference in phonetic value of identical letters in two alphabets or even languages, and the absence of phones (speech sounds) in one language common to another, complicate transliteration greatly. This instance is concerned with transliteration of Russian into English. 

LPC speech analysis/coding involves processing the signal in blocks and computing a set of filter coefficients for each block. Based on the slowly varying nature of speech sounds (the speech articulators can only move so fast), the coefficients are relatively stable for milliseconds at a time (typically... 

Swain, I. U., Zelazo, P. R., and Clifton, R. K., 1993, Newborn infants memory for speech sounds retained over 24 hours. Develop. Psychol. 29 312-323. 

For most speech sounds, the acoustic signal leaves via the mouth - such sounds are termed oral. For a few however, the sound leaves via the nose such sounds are called nasal. In English the first... 

Consonant sounds are more heterogeneous than vowels in that they are produced by a wider variety of sound sources. While consonants share some inherent characteristics, it is not inappropriate to define consonants as the set of speech sounds that are not vowels. 

Other speech sounds have characteristic spectrogram patterns also. Nasals are generally weak and have a wide formant at around about 300Hz, caused by resonance in the nasal cavity. As the nasal cavity is fixed, the resonance will always occur at the same position. Each nasal has... 

We have shown in the previous sections how the vocal organs can organise into a rich variety of configurations which in turn can produce a rich variety of speech sounds. We have also seen that the differences in vocal organ configurations can produce patterns which are discernible in the acoustic signal and representations derived from it. We now turn to the question of how this capability can be used to communicate. 

Now that we have described the production process and the means by which discrete information can be encoded in a continuous signal, we turn to the issue of how speech sounds are organised linguistically. So far we have simply said that words are made from sequences of phonemes, but a closer examination will show however that it is far from the case that any sequence of phonemes... 

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